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(Kuenzi & Lambright, 2007:680) research findings on the individual electoral participation suggest that rural dwellers are more likely to vote than their urban residence counterparts in Africa. On the other hand, most research works on voter turnout in advanced democracies in Europe identify higher turnout in urban than rural areas. Therefore, in this study my working hypothesis concerning the urban-rural status will be; Hypothesis 3: The higher the rural status of a district, the higher the voter turnout. The level of media exposure of the programmes and the elections of the districts. The populace in most African countries generally make selective choices in media access. The lowest participation rate is in the print media, a tendency that may be related to high illiteracy rates and high printing costs. Radio is the most common form of media because most of the rural people can afford it and easily access it. To promote civic education and to involve the citizens in governance, Ghana had since the 1990s been supporting and encouraging the establishment of community radio stations in every corner of the country. In Ghana because of inconsistent supply of electricity to the public most Ghanaians rely so much on radios that use dry cells rather than electricity to listen to the news. Therefore, the level of media exposure in this study refers to the number of media houses particularly the radio (FM) stations available in each district to give general as well as electoral education to the citizens. Presently, there are more than twenty (20) radio stations spreading across the Brong Ahafo region with Sunyani, the regional capital having as high as five (5), four (4) private and one (1) state-owned radio stations. Kuenzi and Lambright (2007, p.680) find media exposure measured in terms of the number of radios per capita in a country as having a consistent significant positive effect on voter turnout in Africa. They assert that “people with regular access to radios are likely to be more knowledgeable about the electoral campaigns. They are also likely to be more informed about the timing and logistics of the elections”. In Ghana electioneering campaigns, advertisements and electoral education of the local elections are the responsibility of two state institutions, the Electoral Commission and the National Commission for Civic Education. Their work is supplemented by the local radio stations, both public and private as part of their corporate social responsibilities. Even though it is difficult to quantify the level of publicity that is given to the local election, because it is not based on partisanship where you can contact the political parties to ascertain the cost they incur on media campaign, so I used rather the number of radio stations in each district as a yardstick since that one is easily accessible. Hypothesis 6: The higher the number of radio stations per a district, the higher the voter turnout. Political Factors (E)The population size of the districts. |
