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Voter turnout is lower where populations are more urbanized. Most ruling parties in Africa often receive a considerable support from rural areas and therefore concentrate their mobilization efforts outside the urban areas. In most African countries political parties are easily able to mobilize voters in rural areas where the threat of sanctions for not voting may be somewhat effective and also endemic poverty exacerbates the impact of party efforts to buy votes. Western Studies of Electoral Turnout. Local and regional disparity in electoral participation is also a familiar phenomenon in many western countries. Scholars of turnout levels have more often relied on political models and variables to explain these differences. In a study of electoral turnout, Andreas Ladner looked at what explains electoral turnout in Swiss municipalities. In this study, three main propositions of socio-economic and socio-demographic variables, cultural and political background variables and political institutions and politics were examined. These propositions focused on factors such as education, age, wealth, limited performance, problems, size, local parties, local parties influence, influence of associations, catholics, French, Italian, parliament, Assembly voting, proportional representation (PR), fragmentation, polarization and competitiveness.
 Some of the variables discussed are more generally related to the citizens’ propensity to participate in politics, while others are more directly related to local politics. Below, it is suggested how the explanatory factors accentuated by these studies may be applied to the Ghana setting.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE The dependent variable is voter turnout measured as a percentage of the total number of registered voters who cast a ballot including the rejected ones in the District Assembly elections since that is a measure that is reported in official documents. As compared with the electoral turnouts in the local elections in some West African countries available on the internet as shown in table 4 below, turnout of (50%) and above in any district may be considered high while those with turnout below (50%) may be considered low. FIGURE 5: VOTER TURNOUT IN LOCAL ELECTIONS IN SIX WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Like their study of regional variations of electoral participation in Bangladesh, Baldersheim, Jamil and Aminuzzaman (2001:55), used the modernization theory published by Seymour Martin Lipset in 1959 in his article, ‘SomeThe is provided by UK Assignment http://www.szdhsjt.com Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy’ which claims that some level of socio-economic modernization are prerequisite for democratization. Therefore, the independent variables of this study are categorised into two main sets; (1) modernization factors and (2) political factors. |
