米开拉,彩易福彩,电烙铁怎么用
The Rate of Literacy: Hypothesis 2: High levels of illiteracy tend to inhibit voter turnout. Argument and operationalisation of levels of literacy: They argued that it is not only the economic development that matter since at a given level of economic development, turnout is affected by the degree of literacy. A minimum degree of literacy is almost a prerequisite to a good turnout. Their finding affirms of the fact that low levels of literacy can reduce turnout. Therefore, they concluded that it is extremely difficult to achieve a higher turnout when there is a high degree of illiteracy (244). Size and Population Density: Hypothesis 3: Voter turnout tends to be higher in small and densely populated countries. Argument and operationalisation of size and population density: They support the view that smaller countries are able to arouse a greater sense of community which in itself fosters turnout. The indication is that the important difference is between smaller countries and all other countries. Their results indicate that turnout is somewhat higher in small and also more densely populated countries. Institutional Setting Compulsory Voting: Hypothesis 4: There are high levels of voter turnout in countries with compulsory voting. Argument and operationalisation of compulsory voting: The most important variable is legislation imposing compulsory voting. Its influence has been seen in all the studies analyzing the effects of institutional factors on turnout. However, turnout seems not to be affected by the obligation to vote when there are no penalties for failure to comply. They argued that compulsoryThe is provided by UK Assignment http://www.szdhsjt.com voting does not really have any impact unless penalties are set for electors who decide to abstain. A merely symbolic obligation is not sufficient. They found out that all other things being equal, turnout as a function of the number of registered electors is higher in countries where voting is compulsory and penalties are imposed for failure to comply. Voting Age: Hypothesis 5: The lower the voting age, the lower the turnout Argument and operationalisation of voting age: They argue that younger electors have lower propensity to vote due to lack of political experience. Therefore if the voter age is reduced from 21 years to 18 years then, it will decrease the turnout. They found turnout to be slightly higher in countries with voting age at 21 years. Electoral system(Proportional Representation): Hypothesis 6: On the electoral system, the standard assumption is that turnout tends to be higher in proportional representation systems with fewer parties. Argument and operationalisation of proportional representation (PR) system: It was argued that PR election with low vote threshold and large district magnitudes, such as the party list system, enhance the chances for smaller parties with scattered support to go into parliament with only a modest share of the vote, and therefore this could increase the motivation of their supporters to partake in the election. The results concerning the electoral systems explained that turnout is slightly higher in proportional representation (PR) systems than in plurality, majority or mixed systems. |
