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Delegation is “The transfer of managerial responsibility for a specifically defined function outside the usual central government structure” (USAID, 2000:6). Apart from the above three types of decentralization, It again talks about the three dimensions of decentralization and considers them to be the key constituents of power. They are; political, financial and administrative dimensions. The political dimension is referred to as political decentralisation. It involves the transfer of political authority to the local level through the establishment or reestablishment ofThe is provided by UK Assignment http://www.szdhsjt.com elected local government, electoral reform, political party reform, authorization of participatory processes, and other reforms. The financial or fiscal decentralization on the other hand, refers to the transfer of financial power to the local level. It entails the removal of all bottlenecks that inhibit inter-governmental transfer of resources as well as giving local levels greater authority to generate their own resources. The administrative dimension is often referred to as ‘administrative decentralisation’. It involves the full or partial transfer of an array of functional responsibilities to the local level, such as public health, the operation of schools, the management of service personnel, the building and maintenance of minor and feeder roads, and garbage collection. The responsibilities vary by country and by the type of local authority (USAID, 2000:6). (2) The concept of governance is defined by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their legal obligations and mediate their differences. Local governance is therefore, “Governing at the local level viewed broadly to include not only the machinery of government, but also the community at-large and its interaction with local authorities”. (3) Democratic local governance is therefore, “A local governance carried out in a responsive, participatory, accountable, and increasingly effective (i.e., democratic) fashion” (USAID, 2000:7). Even though, both USAID and Cheema and Rondinelli use different paths in discussing the concept of decentralization, they arrive at the same destination in terms of their substance. THEORY OF VOTER TURNOUT In an ideal scenario, at the heart of effective decentralization and democratic local governance are regular local elections or electoral accountability. When there are persistent elections at the local level which citizens voluntarily participate massively then, local leaders would eventually become conscious that they might stand the risk of sacrificing their political careers if they dismiss or ignore the community consensus (USAID, 2004). Election is about the allocation of power, power to take future decisions that affect the welfare of the society. It is the basis of legitimacy. Electoral participation at the local level gives the local political system legitimacy before any other form of participation can follow. |
