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Delegation is a process by which national governments pass on management authority for specific functions to semi-autonomous or parastatal organizations and state enterprises, regional planning and area development agencies, and multi- and single-purpose public authorities; Devolution is a policy which seeks to strengthen local governments by giving way to them the authority, responsibility, and resources to offer services and infrastructure, protect public health and safety, and formulate and implement local policies; Privatization is the switch from state-planned to market economies purposefully for strengthening the private sector, privatizing or liquidating state and governance enterprises, downsizing large central government bureaucracies, and strengthening local governments; (Cheema and Rondinelli,2007:ch1pp.2-3). Decentralization goes beyond just the transfer of power, authority, and responsibility within government, but it also includes the sharing of authority and resources for determining public policy within society. In this growing concept The is provided by UK Assignment http://www.szdhsjt.comof governance, decentralization practices can be branded into about four forms: political, fiscal, administrative, and economic. Political decentralization includes “organizations and procedures for increasing citizen participation in selecting political representatives and in making public policy; changes in the structure of the government through devolution of powers and authority to local units of government; power-sharing institutions within the state through federalism, constitutional federations, or autonomous regions; and institutions and procedures allowing freedom of association and participation of civil society organizations in public decision making, in providing socially beneficial services, and in mobilizing social and financial resources to influence political decision making”. (Cheema and Rondinelli, 2007:ch. 1pp. 7). Fiscal decentralization includes “the means and mechanisms for fiscal cooperation in sharing public revenues among all levels of government; for fiscal delegation in public revenue raising and expenditure allocation; and for fiscal autonomy for state, regional, or local governments” (Cheema and Rondinelli, 2007:ch. 1pp. 7). Administrative decentralization includes “deconcentration of central government structures and bureaucracies, delegation of central government authority and responsibility to semi-autonomous agents of the state, and decentralized cooperation of government agencies performing similar functions through “twinning” arrangements across national borders” (Cheema and Rondinelli, 2007:ch. 1pp. 7). Economic decentralization includes “market liberalization, deregulation, privatization of state enterprises, and public-private partnerships” (Cheema and Rondinelli, 2007:ch. 1pp. 7). The importance question is how does decentralization relate to democracy? Democracy guarantees individual freedom, gives all citizens equality before the law and allows them to elect and remove their political leaders. The fundamental assumption of democracy as a form of governance rests on its etymology as rule by the whole populace rather than by any aristocrat, monarch, philosopher, bureaucrat, expert, or religious leader (Shapiro 1999: 29-30 & 23). |
