向日葵茎髓,穿丝袜怎么做爱,金应生
District Assembly system. Chapter Five: Analysis and Findings. This Chapter uses district-level data for empirical analysis of the District Assembly elections in Brong Ahafo region. In this direction cross tabulation and basic regression analyses method are used to analyse the quantitative data collected. Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendations. This Chapter recaps the findings and some emerging ideas in the inquiry. It draws conclusions and suggestions for improvement. In addition, the Chapter provides areas for further research. CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION This chapter sets out to shed light on the concept of decentralization and democratic local governance and the ideals of local government. In this context, the features of decentralization and democratic local government shall be explicated. Secondly, the theory of voter turnout which is the main focus of this study shall be vigorously pursued. The significant of theory of voter turnout in this study is that, it will be the instrument of analysing the extent to which the policy objective of grass-root political participation of the decentralization programme has been realised in practice since its inception in 1988. THE CONCEPT OF DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIC LOCAL GOVERNANCE. The concept of decentralization in a sense has been used generally to encompass geographical, functional and organizational forms in the diffused of power. The practice of decentralisation raises questions not simply of local management, but in the broader perspective, also of local governance. Decentralisation, as a part of local governance, helps to move thinking away from state-centred perspectives to incorporate elements which are frequently considered to be outside the public policy process. Most definitions of decentralization had been traditionally drawn from the Public Administration and Economic Development literature. For instance, Smith (1985, pp.1) defines it as “The delegation of power to lower levels in a territorial hierarchy, whether the hierarchy is one of governments within a state or offices within a large-scale organization”. ‘A government has not decentralized unless the country contains autonomous elected sub national governments capable of taking binding decisions in… some policy areas’ (World Bank, 1999: 108). According to Rondinelli, et al. (1983), decentralization is “The transfer of planning, decision-making or administrative authority from the Central Government to its field organizations, local administrative units, semi-autonomous and parastatal organizations”. These definitions embrace four major dimensions namely: deconcentration, delegation, devolution and privatization to non-governmental institutions normally identify by most decentralization literature. Deconcentration is the system whereby administrative responsibilities from central ministries and departments are shifted to regional and local administrative levels by setting up field offices of national departments and relocating some authority for decision making to regional field staff; |
