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countries appear to have achieved a sufficient level of usage to justify its set-up costs. The FarEast is also very much in the forefront of developments (Astbury, 1985). In 1985 a UK computing services company built two EFTPoS networks, one in Bangkok and the other in Singapore which supports over 1,000 terminals. A similar system on a larger scale, i.e. the Easy Pay System, was launched almost simultaneously in Hong Kong. Developed mainly by the Hong Kong Association of Banks in conjunction with the Hong Kong Bank, the local EPS is managed by the Electronic Payment Services Co. (HK) Ltd (EPSCO) on behalf of 32 banks issuing ATM cards. The system enables authorized banks to connect their computers to a shared network of EFTPoS terminals at shops, through a PoS central switching computer. By mid-1993, about 2,500 merchants were participating in the EPS system, with over 4,800 terminals installed. Like ATM services, the huge population, the compact society, the lack of red-tape interference in the use of telecommunications, and the close co-operation between all major banks contributed to making Hong Kong one of the first to establish a nationwide cashless shopping system. Study groups from other countries have visited Hong Kong to learn how EPS functions (Asian Finance, 1984). The notion of cashless shopping seems to hold several advantages for banks, retailers and shoppers alike. With EFTPoS, transaction paperwork for banks is reduced to a minimum and banks will get less fraud and fewer delinquent accounts because of bad cheques and credit cards. Many EFTPoS vendors also expect a return on their investment and believe the convenient service would be accepted by customers without financial incentives. From a retailer’s point of view, EFTPoS would reduce paperwork, guarantee payment, require less cash for daily transactions and have no need for verification of customer signatures. According to a survey by Marti and Zeilinger (1982), the transaction time for EFTPoS (usually under 30 seconds) is faster than that for cheques and credit cards. Detailed accounting and inventory data can also be recorded instantly, thus allowing the merchant to maximize the efficiency of the salesforce, increase control over inventories and monitor the characteristics of the store’s clientele (Ho, 1992). Certainly, the EFTPoS system also offers some potential advantages and convenience to customers. Customers can have direct access to their bank accounts at retailers’ counters and therefore have no need to carry large amounts of cash. By using debit cards, they will not have to risk over-reaching their credit limit each time they purchase or require cash from an ATM. It is also expected |
