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A. First Draft In this stage a researcher can write (1) what has been done in the research study, (2) procedure, method, theory and technique applied, (3) technical difficulties faced and how they are overcome, (4) broad findings and (5) concluding remarks. Tables and charts can be typeset using computer and kept separately in order to avoid rewriting them. Conclusion should be precise, clear and objective. Further directions may be pointed out. Since a research paper is identified by its title it should be brief and not more than above 10-15 words. A subject index of a paper is primarily based on the words in the title. Therefore, few key words which are helpful to classify the paper can be included appropriately in the title. How does a reader decide whether to read the content of a paper or not? Abstract serves the purpose. By reading the abstract a reader would decide whether the content of the paper is useful to him. Therefore, the abstract should have positive information about the content of the paper and summary of the work reported in it. Further, if the abstract has final results and main conclusion of the paper then a reader who has a general interest in the subject can know the outcome of the paper without reading the entire text by referring the abstract itself. 17 B. Second Draft This is the most important and difficult part of the writing. Extreme care must be taken in writing this draft. Unclear points, jargons, weakness of the report have to be identified and revised. Over-generalization of outcomes should be avoided. For example, Hermitian operators have real eigenvalues. Generalizing it as eigenvalues of operators are real or concluding that to have real eigenvalues, operators should be Hermitian are incorrect. Similarly, complex analytic functions satisfy Cauchy–Riemann conditions. It doest not mean that functions satisfying Cauchy–Riemann conditions should be analytic. How do you avoid over-generalization? For some details see, for example, ref.[5]. Attention must be paid to the arguments made, logical flow of work presented, the quality of supporting evidences and conclusion drawn. Do these in each chapter. Don’t do the entire second stage at a single stretch. Give sufficient time between revisions of two consecutive chapters. During the break time think over the revision made in the previous chapter or section. More importantly, grammar must be checked. A careful spell check must be made. Use simple words as far as possible. Indecisive words such as perhaps, somewhat, rather, etc. should be avoided. Usage of some particular words repeatedly, for example, ‘very’, ‘extraordinary’, ‘invariably’ should be avoided. Expressions such as ‘it seems’, ‘there may be’, ‘since’, ‘putting’, etc. should be replaced by appropriate equivalent words. Style, presentation and grammar can be improved by asking your friends, colleagues to read and give their critical comments, suggestions and correct English grammar. In some universities the report is first read by an English teacher. He corrects the grammar and give suggestions. After this only a researcher can submit the thesis. Complicated and lengthy sentences have to be rewritten and broken. Similar sentences or sentences conveying same information must be eliminated. Check whether the words used clearly convey exactly the meaning intended. S. Chandrasekhar said, “I always sought to present my findings in as elegant, even literary, a form as possible. I select some writers in order to learn. For example, I read Henry James or Virginia Woolf, and I don’t simply read the text as a novel; I see how they construct sentences, how they construct paragraphs, how one paragraph goes into another and so on.” (J. Horgan, Current Science, 67 (1994) pp.500-01). Proper references of related work should be included. Trivial matters and obvious conclusion should not be included and if there are such sentences then they should be dropped. C. Third Draft This is the last stage. In this stage, one can concentrate on final touches and finishing. This should be in the direction of making the report weighty, authoritative, attractive and convincing. Similar words and format should be avoided in successive sentences. Make sure that the script clearly shows the originality of the author and importance of the outcome of the study performed. In all the three stages of report preparation one should follow a proper style of writing. Use clear and unadorned English appropriate for the readers. One has to be aware of to whom the research report is intended. The report is not for the supervisor. It is better to avoid the use of personal pronoun. Use of “I” and “the author” should be avoided. Some supervisors like to use “we”. For an interesting fun about the usage of “I” and “we” see p.106 of “Why are things the way they are?” by G. Venkataraman (University Press, Hyderabad, 1992). Both active and passive voice should be used wherever necessary or appropriate. However, when using them one should check whether the meaning is strictly correct. For example, when writing “The experimental results agree with the theory” we must check whether we are strengthening the experimental result or the theory. Care must be taken in using present and past tenses. Use past tense to describe the data collection and work done by others and you. For interpretation, assessments and discussions present tense is appropriate. Between various stages it is advisable to give gap of few days so that one can leisurely think of the manuscript and record how to revise it. This will avoid unnecessary tension and half-hearted write up. XVI. LAYOUT OF A RESEARCH REPORT / PH.D. THESIS / M.PHIL. DISSERTATION The layout of a research report is the list of various parts of the report/thesis. Generally, a research report should consist of the following three components: (1) Preliminary pages (2) Main text (3) End matters A. Preliminary Pages Preliminary pages include title of the report, acknowledgement, certificate page, list of publications and table of contents. Acknowledgements are written to thank those who have helped the researcher during their course of investigation. For a book it is in the form of preface or forward. Acknowledgement should be brief, simple, modest 18 and given only to substantial assistance provided by the guide, head of the department, staff of the department, agencies which provided financial support, collaborators and institutions where part of the work has been carried out. Acknowledgements made for routine participation by members of the researcher’s family, librarian, friends, clerical helpers and god are normally considered superfluous. Acknowledgement should be made at the time of public viva-voce also. There is a chance for a researcher to forget to say acknowledgement at the end of the presentation. To avoid this he may do it at the beginning of the presentation. An important point is to consider the tone to adopt so that you sound genuine. Every research report should have an abstract . It is a necessary part of any scientific and nonscientific research report. In a research article it appears next to the author’s name and affiliation. In the case of Ph.D. thesis, before its submission an elaborated abstract of the thesis called synopsis has to be submitted to the institution where registration for Ph.D. degree is made. Abstract and synopsis convey the essence and brief details about the report. It should contain a very short statement of the problem, methodology and procedures adapted in the work and results of the study in a very condensed form. The abstract can act as a tool to control the flow of ideas in the thesis. It can help you link in a logical way the reasons for the research and aims of the work. It should contain answers to the questions: What was done in the project? Why is it of interest? How was it done? What were the outcomes of the work done? What is the significance of the results? One should emphasize the original contribution in the abstract. The abstract of a Ph.D. thesis will be about three or four pages. Table of contents gives title of the chapters, section headings, title of appendices and their page numbers. In the certificate page the researcher should undertake that the work reported has not been reported earlier by him or by any one else for the award of any degree. It should also mention that the work is done by the researcher and not copied from any other source. All the preliminary pages should be numbered with lower-case roman numbers. B. Main Text The main text presents the details of the research work and results. This part of the thesis should provide the following, about the research work: (1) Introduction (2) Actual research work performed and the findings (3) Summary and conclusion. |
