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doesn’t have this anxiety, an anxiety to preserve the correctness of the basic idea at all costs, and without having this anxiety he is not so disturbed by the contradiction and is able to face up to it and see what it really means.” B. Points to be Remembered in Preparing an Oral Report Before starting the preparation of an oral report, an outline can be drawn based on the time duration of the report and the quality of the audience. Departmental seminar is usually 45 minutes duration. In other meetings time duration is fixed by the organizer based on the number of days of the meeting, number of speakers and the status of a speaker. For a long time report, that is, 45–60 minute presentation, one may have enough time to (1) introduce the topic, (2) discuss the definition of the problem, (3) describe the method and technique employed, (4) give technical details, and (5) present results and conclusion. Consequently, these aspects can be prepared in detail. For a 15–30 minute, oral presentation one cannot find enough time to discuss complete details of the work. In this case less informative material must be dropped. Methods and techniques used can be presented very briefly without going into technical details. Much time should be reserved for results, conclusion and further directions. 15 Prepare a write-up of the oral presentation. It is a good and very helpful practice to write the talk before presenting it orally. Then evaluate the written material. Ask: (1) Why should the audience listen to your presentation? (2) Is the presentation match with the standard of the audience? Revise the presentation until you get convincing answer to the above two questions. Oral presentation can be made effective and attractive by using modern visual devises, power-points, slides and transparency sheets. Title of the report, author’s name, plan of the presentation, very important content of it and conclusion can be printed in the slides or sheets possibly point by point with bold and sufficiently large size letters. Important formulas, equations, tables, figures and photographs can be prepared using transparency sheets or slides. Slides and transparency sheets should not contain running matters. Researcher should not simply read the content in the sheets. That is, the descriptive portion of the report should not be prepared on the sheets. An abstract or a short write-up of the presentation may be circulated to the participants of the meeting. Sophisticated softwares developed for preparing the text on transparency sheets/slides are available in internet and can be freely downloaded. In order to make the presentation, more lively, the researcher could use multimedia. Nowadays, the use of power-point of Microsoft Windows is common. It is an easy and compact utility software especially for preparing classroom presentations. The following are the web sites from which one could download the software at free of cost: http://www.office.microsoft.com/downloads http://www.lb.com/download-free-power-pointpresentation. org One could use the audio aspects also to facilitate his presentation in a better way. While presenting the topic, the researcher should strictly follow the class room teaching methodology. For example, one should allow interaction; don’t restrict the vision of the audience of a particular section, don’t forget to modulate the voice as and when required and don’t violate the time frame. One or two rehearsals of the report in the presence of colleagues, supervisor and collaborators can be exercised in order to (1) complete the presentation within the allotted time, (2) improve the quality of presentation and (3) maintain the fluency of the presentation. During a long presentation, the speaker can stop the presentation at various stages, seek comments and questions from the audience and then proceed. This will make the presentation attractive, interesting and also allow the audience to clarify their doubts so that they can follow the work. XIV. ART OF WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER AND THESIS A. What is a Research Report? Research reporting is an oral or a written presentation of important and useful aspects of the research work done. Scientific writing, a thesis or a paper, is intended to present clearly the purpose and outcome of a specific research investigation. It is the last but a major part of the research study. A report helps the researcher get feedback from other researchers and experts working in the same field. It also evaluates the success and originality of the researcher’s work. Without a report, a research study is incomplete and of no use. A report essentially conveys the outcome of a research work to interested persons. Brilliant work and most striking findings are of little value if they are not effectively communicated to the scientific world. As pointed out by Eli Maor, in academic matters the iron rule is publish or perish. Some times delaying a publication of a result one would lose his claim. B. What are Research Paper or Article and Ph.D Thesis or Dissertation? A research paper is a report published in a journal or magazine or conference proceedings, etc. Whereas a Ph.D. dissertation is a report of the entire work done by a researcher to a university or an institution for the award of the degree of doctor of philosophy. A Ph.D. dissertation is a lengthy, original and substantial document. It should contain original contributions. Essentially, the role of a Ph.D. dissertation is to demonstrate the research person’s original thinking and contribution to the topic of research. It should also clearly point out the research competence of the researcher in his research field. M.Phil. dissertation is designed as a practice for Ph.D. thesis. It will help the researcher learn and understand the present status of the topic and make him capable of working at the Ph.D. level. The work done for an M.Phil. dissertation need not be publishable in journals. C. Why Should a Researcher Report his Findings? Every research investigation is carried out with certain objectives. The outcome of a research work may 16 add new information to a theory or may have technological applications. Sometimes the researcher may not be aware of the theoretical development on practical applications. His research results may be useful to another research problem. Some other researchers may be working or planning to work on the same or similar type of research work. Several researchers doing same research work is a waste of time unless the solution of the problem is needed very urgently and is of great use. Repetition of a work should be avoided by the research community as much as possible. Unless a researcher reports his work to the world, the correctness, validity and originality of the work is under a question mark. The outcome of a research work will become known to the scientific community only through publications. In view of these, it is important to report a work in an appropriate journal or magazine and in scientific meetings like conferences, seminars and symposia. Identify possible publications of your research findings after making a considerable progress on a research problem. Don’t be confined with a mere Ph.D. degree. D. Characteristics of a Good Report A good report results from slow, pain taking and accurate inductive work. To attract a reader, the reading matter of a report should be clear and interesting. It should not be obscure and dull. The write-up should be logical, clear and concise. The basic quality or characteristics of a good scientific report/paper and thesis are the following: (1) good presentation (2) good organization of various chapters/sections (3) accuracy (4) clarity (5) free from contradictions and confusion. Further, a Ph.D. dissertation should be a formal and should have high level of scholarship. XV. OUTLINE OF A REPORT What are the considerations to be kept in mind while preparing a report? (1) First, an outline of a report has to be prepared. (2) A sketch of what information to be conveyed must be made. (3) Then, one can write down various topics, subtopics to be considered and what material to be presented in them. (4) The sentences which are to be expanded, reworded and verified for its validity can be marked. The outline of the report helps us concentrate on (i) what is to be presented, (ii) logical relationships between different parts of the report, (iii) smooth flow of the content and (iv) continuity in the presentation. The outline can be discussed with the guide, collaborators, colleagues and experts in local area. Based on their comments the structure of the report can be modified. A three stage preparation of a report is generally done by researchers. They are (1) First draft – Rough draft . (2) Second draft – Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft . (3) Third draft – Writing the final draft . |
