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The references from current contents or from journals can be noted on a separate card or sheet with the names of authors and the title of the paper/book, etc. For a research paper, its title, journal name, volume number, starting and ending pages of it and year of publication should be noted. For a book, publisher’s name, place of publication and year of publication must be written down. Instead of cards, nowadays one can store the details of the references in computers and have a copy in two or three floppy diskette. The references can be classified. For example, sources dealing with theory, dealing with experimental techniques, concerned with numerical methods, etc. can be grouped separately. The copies of the research articles can also be classified and bounded. Cross references (that is research articles or books referred or cited in a research report) should also be collected and classified. These also provide useful information. VIII. ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATUS Generally, it is not difficult to know the current status of research work in a specific topic. The current status of the chosen topic can be identified by reading the relevant journals and the recent papers, discussions in conferences, seminars and workshops. One can perform inquiries at several important places known for research on proposed topic. A study of the current literature in the chosen topic explores the current status of it. More importantly, review articles point out not only to the basic aspects and features of the topic concerned but also give a brief account of its present status. For this purpose, one can survey the journals (for a topic in physics) such as Physics Reports, Reviews ofModern Physics, Physical Review Letters, Review section of American Journal of Physics, Pramana, Current Science and Proceedings of recently conducted seminars and conferences, etc. Rapid communication and Letter sections of international journals publish articles which are very important and fall in recent trends category. There are several areas in internet where the papers just submitted to journals are placed. One can download such articles free of cost. These articles indicate the recent trends in a particular topic. Some relevant web sites are listed below. http://arxiv.org/ http://www.ams.org/global-preprints/ http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/math.AG/ http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp−arc/ http://www.clifford.org/anonftp/clf-alg/ IX. HYPOTHESIS Researchers do not carry out work without any aim or expectation. Research is not of doing something and presenting what is done. Every research problem is undertaken aiming at certain outcomes. That is, before starting actual work such as performing an experiment or theoretical calculation or numerical analysis, we expect certain outcomes from the study. The expectations form the hypothesis. Hypotheses are scientifically reasonable predictions. They are often stated in terms of if-then sentences in certain logical forms. A hypothesis should provide what we expect to find in the chosen research problem. In other words, the expected or proposed solutions based on available data and tentative explanations constitute the hypothesis. Hypothesizing is done only after survey of relevant literature and learning the present status of the field of research. It can be formulated based on previous research and observation. To formulate a hypothesis the researcher should acquire enough knowledge in the topic of research and a reasonably deep insight about the problem. In formulating a hypothesis construct operational definitions of variables in the research problem. Hypothesis is due to an intelligent guess or for inspiration which is to be tested in the research work rigorously through appropriate methodology. Testing of hypothesis leads to explanation of the associated phenomenon or event. What are the criteria of a good hypothesis? An hy10 pothesis should have conceptual clarity and a theoretical orientation. Further, it should be testable. It should be stated in a suitable way so that it can be tested by investigation. A hypothesis made initially may become incorrect when the data obtained are analyzed. In this case it has to be revised. It is important to state the hypothesis of a research problem in a research report. We note that if a hypothesis withstands the experiments and provides the required facts to make it acceptable, not only to the researchers performing the experiments but to others doing other experiments then when sufficiently reinforced by continual verification the hypothesis may become a theory [4]. X. MODE OF APPROACH Mode of approach means the manner in which research is to be carried out. It should keep the researcher on the right track and make him complete the planned work successfully. One should sharpen the thinking and focus attention on the more important aspects of the study. The scientific thinking must be more formal, strict, empirical and specific and more over goal oriented. In order to make steady progress in research and to asses the progress of the research work, a research design is very helpful. A. Research Design For a scientific research one has to prepare a research design. It should indicate the various approaches to be used in solving the research problem, sources and information related to the problem and, time frame and the cost budget. Essentially, the research design creates the foundation of the entire research work. The design will help perform the chosen task easily and in a systematic way. Once the research design is completed the actual work can be initiated. The first step in the actual work is to learn the facts pertaining to the problem. Particularly, theoretical methods, numerical techniques, experimental techniques and other relevant data and tools necessary for the present study have to be collected and learnt. It is not necessary that every theory, technique and information in the topic of research is useful for a particular problem. A researcher has to identify and select materials which are useful to the present work. Further, the validity and utility of the information gathered should be tested before using them. Scientific research is based on certain mathematical, numerical and experimental methods. These sources have to be properly studied and judged before applying them to the problem of interest. B. What are the Possible Approaches to be Followed by a Researcher? A researcher can exercise the following aspects regularly throughout the research carrier. These will keep him in right track and tightly bind him to the research activity. (1) Discussion with the supervisor, experts and colleagues about the research work, particularly, the problem and its origin, objectives and difficulties faced in the execution of the problem. (2) Reading of the latest research papers, relevant theories and possible application to the present problem and to overcome the difficulties faced. (3) Review of the work reported on the similar problems. (4) Theoretical calculations, setting-up of an experimental setup, numerical calculations, computer programs, preparation of graphs, tables and other relevant work related to the research should be done by a new researcher by himself without assistance from others. (5) Have a practice of periodically writing the work done, results obtained and steps followed in a work. This is important because sometime we may think that a particular aspect will be a center piece of the problem under investigation. But once we make a write-up of it, this aspect or part of it may turn out to be only of marginal importance. In fact, writing of the progress of the work will help us better understand our work and forms a solid basis for further progress. It also points out to the gaps in our work. (6) Participation and presentation of research findings in national and international meetings. These regular practices provide useful information like new ideas and can help the researcher (1) sharpen and focus attention, (2) confining to the formulation and (3) in the interpretation of the solution obtained. Each and every bit of task related to the research work has to be done by the researcher. A young researcher should not do the entire work in collaboration with others. The researcher is advised to perform all the works starting from identification of the problem to report preparation by himself under the guidance of supervisor. Particularly, collaboration work with experts and senior researcher may be avoided. (However, he can discuss his problems with them). This is important to acquire (1) enough knowledge, 11 (2) confidence and (3) training to carry out research independently after getting Ph.D. degree. Part of the dissertation should demonstrate the researcher’s originality. The dissertation should reflect the efforts of a single researcher. Keeping this in mind one should avoid collaboration as far as possible in the young stage. |
