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It is a crucial part of the research study and should not be defined in hurry. D. How do you Asses Whether the Defined Problem as a Good Problem? A problem in its first definition may not be appealing. It may require redefinition in order to make it a good problem. That is, by suitably rewording or reformulating the chosen problem, it can be made to meet the criteria of a good problem. This is also important to solve the problem successfully. To this end a researcher can ask a series of questions on the problem. Some are: (1) Is the problem really interesting to him and to the scientific community? (2) Is the problem significant to the present status of the topic? (3) Is there sufficient supervision/guidance? (4) Can the problem be solved in the required time frame? (5) Are the necessary equipment, adequate library and computational facilities, etc. available? If the answers to these questions are satisfactory, then the researcher can initiate work on the chosen problem. In addition, discuss the problem with the current doctoral students and obtain the scope of the problem and other related aspects. E. How are these Questions Important and Relevant to a Researcher? The researcher should be interested on the problem for the reasons mentioned earlier at the end of the Sec.(VA). The problem should also be interesting to the supervisor so that the researcher can get the necessary guidance from him. Otherwise sometimes the researcher may find it very difficult to convince the supervisor on the importance and significance of the results obtained. More importantly, the problem must be of interest to scientific community and society. If not then the researcher will find great difficulty to publish his findings in reputed journals and convince the funding agency. Next, the status of the problem, particularly the importance of finding its solution should match with the current status of the field. But, if the problem investigated is of not much interest to science and society then publications will become useless to him in his research career. Specifically, they cannot help earn a post-doctoral fellowship, respectability and a permanent job in an institution. A researcher needs proper guidance and encouragement from the supervisor regularly. This is important for keeping the research in right track, to overcome the difficulties which come at various states of research and also to have moral support. A researcher should avoid working under the guidance of a supervisor having serious health problems or family problems, committed his large time to administrative work and strong involvement in nonacademic matters. Another important point is that before initiating research work on a problem, a rough estimate on costs and time required to complete the work must be made. A problem suitable for Ph.D. degree should not be taken for M.Phil. degree. A problem suitable for M.Phil. degree is not appropriate for Master’s degree. If the collection of data or resources or related information takes many years, then the topic is obviously inappropriate for Ph.D. degree. Controversial subjects should not be chosen. Problems that are too narrow or too vague should be avoided. Finally, the researcher must make sure that the necessary experimental setup and materials to perform the actual research work are available in the department where research work is to be carried out. Without these, if the researcher initiated the work and has gone through certain stages of work or spent one or two years in the problem then in order to complete the task he would be forced to buy the materials and instruments from his personal savings. 8 VI. LITERATURE SURVEY After defining a problem, the researcher has to do literature survey connected with the problem. Literature survey is a collection of research publications, books and other documents related to the defined problem. It is very essential to know whether the defined problem has already been solved, status of the problem, techniques that are useful to investigate the problem and other related details. One can survey (1) the journals which publish abstracts of papers published in various journals, (2) review articles related to the topic chosen, (3) journals which publish research articles, (4) advanced level books on the chosen topic, (5) proceedings of conferences, workshops, etc., (6) reprint/preprint collections available with the supervisor and nearby experts working on the topic chosen and (7) Internet. A free e-print service provider for physics, mathematics, nonlinear science, computer science and biology is http://www.arXiv.org No research shall be complete unless we make use of the knowledge available in books, journals and internet. Review of the literature in the area of research is a preliminary step before attempting to plan the study. Literature survey helps us (1) sharpen the problem, reformulate it or even leads to defining other closely related problems, (2) get proper understanding of the problem chosen, (3) acquire proper theoretical and practical knowledge to investigate the problem, (4) show how the problem under study relates to the previous research studies and (5) know whether the proposed problem had already been solved. Through survey one can collect relevant information about the problem. Clarity of ideas can be acquired through study of literature. Apart from literature directly connected with the problem, the literature that is connected with similar problems is also useful. It helps formulate the problem in a clear-cut way. A review on past work helps us know the outcome of those investigations where similar problems were solved. It can help us design methodology for the present work. We can also explore the vital links with the various trends and phases in the chosen topic and familiarize with characteristic precepts, concepts and interpretations. Further, it can help us formulate a satisfactory structure of the research proposal. Because a Ph.D. thesis or M.Phil. dissertation is a study in depth aiming contribution to knowledge, a careful check should be made to ensure that the proposed study has not previously been performed and reported. The earlier studies which are relevant to the problem chosen should be carefully studied. Ignorance of prior studies may lead to a researcher duplicating a work already carried out by another researcher. A good library will be of great help to a researcher at this stage. One can visit nearby research institutions and avail the library facility. Review the latest research papers and Ph.D. theses to acquire recent trends. VII. REFERENCE COLLECTION As soon as the survey of available source begins, the preparation and collection of references preferably with annotations should be undertaken. The important source of reference collection is the journal called Current Contents. This comes once in a week. It is available in hard copy and also in floppy diskette. Almost all the universities and institutions buy this document. It contains the table of content of research journals and magazines in various subjects. It provides title of articles, names of the authors, date of publication, volume number, starting page number of the articles and address of the author from whom one can get the reprint of the article. If the title of the article indicates that the paper is in the topic of one’s interest then he can take a copy of the article if the journal is available in the local library. Otherwise, he can get it from a document delivery service centre. For example, in India INFLIBNET provides this service through six institutions. For details visit the following web sites: http://web.inflibnet.ac.in/index.isp http://www.iisc.ernet.in/ http://www.jnu.ac.in/ One can obtain a research article on paying the charge fixed by the INFLIBNET provided the particular journal is available in it. Articles can also be purchased from the publishers on payment. Alternatively, reprint of the article can be had from the author by sending a letter/card to the author. A format of reprint request card is shown below. 9 ————————————————————————- Front Side Place : Date : Dear Dr./Prof. I would appreciate in receiving a reprint of your following article and other related preprints/reprints, if any. Title : Journal name : Volume number : Page(s) : Year : With kind regards, Yours sincerely, ————————————————————————- ————————————————————————- Reverse Side Sender’s Address To ————————————————————————- |
