车前子的功效与作用及食用方法,坛蜜·蜜裤,天雷九变
1. Introduction The purpose of the introduction is to give a brief outline of the field of research. In this part one can bring clearly the importance of the field and the current status of it. It should contain an overview of the problem, its importance, statements about the hypothesis or specific questions to be explored. This is followed by a preview of the scheme of the following chapters, that is an outline of plan of the work. Here, aim of each of the chapters and their contents can be briefly stated. Related and relevant work done by others must be pointed out. Various concepts and definitions of scientific and technical terms necessary for understanding the research work undertaken are to be defined and explained. Details of statistical tools or quantities used in the study can be given in a separate chapter. Irrelevant and less informative materials need not be presented. For example, regular and irregular behaviour of solution of a system or differential equation can be characterized by calculating the statistical tools such as Lyapunov exponents, correlation function, correlation dimension, power spectrum, periodicity of the solution and probability distribution. If the power spectrum is not used in a research work then there is no need to discuss in detail the systematic way of calculating it. Similarly, suppose the effect of noise in a theoretical model equation is studied by including, say, Gaussian random numbers in the simulation. There are many methods available to generate Gaussian random numbers. If the Box–Muller method is used then it can be described. In this case describing other methods, for example, rejection technique is redundant to the present thesis report. The theory and experimental set up used should be clearly described with proper references. Define the technical terms used in the dissertation either by a reference to a previously published definition or by a precise definition. Such a definition should be given only once in the report. The introductory chapter(s) should be prepared in such a way that it should interest the reader in the subject matter of research. It should not be aimless, confused and laking in precision. Introductory part may contain one or two chapters. To be precise, the introductory part should cover the following aspects: (1) Features of the topic (2) Present status of the field (3) Some unsolved problems (4) Statement of the problem undertaken (5) Importance and justification of the present problem 19 (6) Preview of the scheme of the following chapters and their interrelationship Definition of various scientific terms used, and (7) Methodology used. 2. Actual Research Work This is the heart of the research report/thesis. The actual research work undertaken, difficulties faced, technical details, results, conclusion and future direction form the main part of this portion. This part can be presented in a few chapters. Each chapter should contain introduction, research work, results and conclusion. Materials should be organized systematically and presented under appropriate headings and subheadings. First, write the chapters that describe your actual research work. After this, prepare the conclusion and introduction parts. When writing the actual work collect the terms and note down the matter which are to be defined and described in the introduction. As Professor P.R. Subramanian points out, for preparing the Ph.D. thesis report one should not simply copy word by word from his research articles. Even if the content of the thesis is the work reported in his research publications, the student should reword the material without changing the meaning, give much more details, explanations, suggestions and possibly a better reorganization of the content. Wherever possible, the results should be presented in the form of figures, illustrations and tables. They can make the report quite attractive. Tables should be as precise as possible. All the figures should clearly specify the variables of the axes, units used and other necessary information. Figure caption should not be a reproduction of sentences of the text. It must clearly state what it is. Figures should be clearly explained in the text. Data should be fitted to an appropriate mathematical expression. Nowadays, sophisticated softwares are available for curve fitting. After making a curve fit or plotting a set of data, proper explanation for observed variation of the data should be given. A set of data measurement without any analysis and discussion is of no use. Extreme care must be taken in type setting mathematical equations, variables and parameters involved in the study. Italic or Greek letters or mathematical symbols can be used for variables and parameters. For example, x or X should not be used as a variable name. The correct usage is x or X (or typeset in italics). All the equations should be centered and numbered. Vectors should be clearly specified by an arrow over the name or by bold face name. Equations should not be repeated. Jokes or puns should not find a place in the report. Use “correct” or “incorrect” to refer to the results of others. Don’t use the words “bad”, “terrible” and “stupid”. Avoid use of “today”, “modern times”, “soon”, “seems”, “in terms of”, “based on”, “lots of”, “type of”, “something like”, “just about”, “number of”, “probably”, “obviously”, “along with”, “you”, “I”, “hopefully” and “may”. There is no need to mention the circumstances in which the results are obtained. Assignment: (10) Reword/rephrase the following and give the reason for the change: (a) Dinesh and Geethan [1] reported that ... (b) The following algorithm represents a major breakthrough .... (c) Even though the above method is not earthshaking .... (d) Geethan and I obtained .... (e) There is a method to calculate .... (f) The program will use the data after it stored them to a CD ... (g) The method is started by calculating the value of .... 3. Conclusion At the end of each of chapter, one can place a brief summary of the outcome of the work presented in that chapter under the heading conclusion. They should be clear and precise. The relevant questions which are still not answered and new questions raised by the work of the present chapter have to be mentioned. Whether the answers to the questions are obtained or not, if obtained in which chapter(s) they are presented should be specified. Mention possible future research. It is important to make a connection between two consecutive chapters either at the end of the first or at the beginning of the second. Chapters should not look like reports of isolated work. There should be a link between consecutive chapters and the link should be clearly brought out. C. End Matters The end part of the report generally consists of references, appendices, computer programs (if they are not easy to develop) and copies of research publications that came out from the research work done. 20 1. Appendices Appendices are supplementary contents which are not placed in the main report in order to keep the continuity of the discussion; however, they are relevant for understanding the particular part of the report. An appendix may present (1) a brief summary of a theory or a numerical method used which can be found elsewhere, (2) a lengthy mathematical derivation or a large set of equations, (3) technical details and (4) a list of values of constants and parameters used in the work. Appendices can be placed at the end of report after references. They should be numbered by capital alphabets. 2. References/Bibliography References or bibliographies are sources consulted. Each reference should contain name(s) of author(s), title of the paper, journal name, volume number of the issue in which the article appeared, starting page number, end page number and year of publication. In the case of a book source its author(s), title, publishers’s name, place of publication, year of publication and edition should be given. Some examples are given below. (1) Suppose the reference is the paper of K. Murali, Sudeshna Sinha and W.L. Ditto with title “Implementation of NOR gate by a chaotic Chua’s circuit” appeared in the journal called ‘International Journal of Bifurcations and Chaos’ in the year 2003, the volume number of corresponding issue is 13 and the starting and ending page numbers of the article are 2669 and 2672 respectively. The above article can be specified as (without mentioning the title of the article) K. Murali, Sudeshna Sinha and W.L. Ditto, Int. J Bifur. and Chaos 13 (2003) 2669–2672. (2) For an article which appeared in a conference proceedings |
