客车票查询时刻表 票价,上古卷轴5mod下载,穹浪山
theories, experimental techniques and numerical algorithms have to be used instead of outdated methods. Before applying any method, the researcher should familiarize with the features of the method. It it not worthwhile to continue in a particular direction if the results are trivial and less informative. If similar problems have already been done, for instance about ten years ago, then a researcher should not consider it as important but could treat it as a useful exercise. We do research by conceiving information and openings from important research papers published by other researchers in the topic of interest and continue in our own directions. The work of some other researchers might have formed the basis of our research. Similarly, our research outcomes should help other researchers. That is, the work should be such that it should invite others to read and more importantly use it and cite it in their research work. Our work should lead to recognition and respect. It should fetch joy and benefits others and as well as us. As pointed out by ProfessorM.Lakshmanan, generally, each and every work of us may not produce novelty, but if we work towards novelty then definitely in the course 13 of research there would come a fascinating and exciting breakthrough. The researcher must remember that ideally in the course of a research study, there should be constant interaction between initial hypothesis, observation and theoretical concepts. It is exactly in this area of interaction between theoretical orientation and observation that opportunities for originality and creativity lie. Actual work finally leads to results and conclusions of the research undertaken. For proper results it is necessary that various steps of the work should be scientifically taken and should not have any flaw. Developed computer algorithms must be tested for the problems for which results are already available. The work should be free from mistakes. Important analysis must be repeated in order to make sure that they are free from human mistakes. Professor Devanathan suggests that a researcher should check, recheck, cross check, ... all the results before submitting a research paper to a journal . Before beginning to write a part of the work done and the results obtained check and recheck the data and the results by repeating the experiment, rerunning the programs and going through the theoretical derivations and arguments. When analysing the data, appropriate statistical tools have to be employed. The number of data used, units of the data, error bars and other necessary details must be noted in the graphs. As many statistical tools as possible should be used. Appropriate curve fitting can be done. Necessary interpretations on the results of statistical analysis have to be made. In the case of development or modification of a theory and proposal of a new method the assumptions made, basic idea, and calculations should be clearly stated and analyzed. Various special cases of the theory or method must be identified. The validity, efficiency and applicability of it must be demonstrated with examples. Merits and demerits have to be identified. Comparison of the proposed method with the already existing and widely used similar methods should be performed. In any experimental work, mere measurement of certain quantities is not enough. The interpretation of the kind of data observed and explanation for the particular pattern must be made. On the basis of interpretation general principles underlying the process can be formulated. One has to check whether the generalizations are universal and true under different conditions. Some common errors made in research are [6] (1) Selective observation (2) Inaccurate observation (3) Over-generalization (4) Made-up information (5) Ex post facto hypothesizing (6) Illogical reasoning (7) Ego involvement in understanding (8) Premature closure of inquiry (9) Mystification For a very interesting discussion on the above aspects with examples refer to the ref.[6] XII. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The next step after performing the actual research work on the chosen problem is preparation of results and conclusion of the performed work. Predictions, results and conclusion are ultimate goals of the research performed. There are two indispensable rules of modern research. The freedom of creative imagination necessarily subjected to rigorous experimentation. In the beginning any experimental research on a specific subject, imagination should give wings to the thought. At the time of concluding and interpreting the facts that were collected observation, the imagination should be dominated and prevailed over by concrete results of experiments. Proper interpretations of the results must be made. Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the actual research work. It also means drawing of conclusion. Conclusion is based on the study performed. It would bring out relations and processes that underlie the findings. The utility of the outcome of the research greatly lie on proper interpretations and is the hardest part of solving a scientific problem. Interpretation of results is important because it (1) links the present work to the previous, (2) leads to identification of future problems, (3) opens new avenues of intellectual adventure and stimulates the quest for more knowledge, (4) makes others understand the significance of the research findings and (5) often suggests a possible experimental verification. The basic rule in preparing results and conclusion is to give all the evidences relevant to the research problem and its solution. A bare statement of the findings are not enough. Their implications must be pointed out. Discuss your answers to the following questions with experts: (1) Are the supporting evidences sufficient?, and if not, What to do? 14 (2) How many pieces of evidence are required? Instead of producing all, is it possible to restrict to one or two pieces of evidence? If so, what are they? and (3) Why are they sufficient? and so on. Such directions can help us minimize work and the quantity of presentation of the report. Do not rely on a bogus evidence which would increase the chances of errors. The investigator has to give suggestions. These should be practical and based on logic, reasoning and fact. The suggestions should be such that they can be actually implemented. The researcher should not be in hurry while preparing the results and conclusion. After preparing them the researcher may ask the following questions: (1) Are the quantitative and qualitative analysis performed adequate for the conclusion drawn? (2) Are the results and conclusion general? (3) Are the results and conclusion valid only for the particular situation considered in the present work? (4) Is the conclusion too broad considering the analysis performed? (5) Is any evidence which weaken the conclusion omitted? The results and conclusion prepared can be revised based on the answers to the above questions. Each and every statement made in the results and conclusion sections must be based on evidence obtained from theoretical or experimental analysis. Baseless statements should never be made. Assignment: (9) For each of the following topics write at least two questions, the answers to which must be available in the respective topics. For example, for the topic, “introduction”, a relevant question is ‘why am I doing it?’. (i) Introduction, (ii) Review of a research topic, (iii) Methodology, (iv) Research design, (v) Results, (vi) Discussion and (vii) Conclusion. XIII. PRESENTING A SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR-ORAL REPORT A. What is an Oral Report? What are the Importance of an Oral Report? Presentation of one’s research work in a scientific meeting is an oral report . Scientific meetings include conference, seminar, symposium, workshop, departmental weekly seminar, etc. Researchers in certain research institutions not only discuss their own work but also have discussions on very recently reported work of other scientists. An oral report provides a bridge between the researcher and audience and offers greater scope to the researcher for explaining the actual work performed, its outcome and significance. It also leads to a better understanding of the findings and their implications. In an oral report, the researcher can present the results and interpretations which are not clearly understood by him and may request the experts in the audience to give their opinions and suggestions. Oral reporting at a conference or a seminar requires more elaborate preparation than the written report. A Nobel prize winner Paul Dirac said, “A person first gets a new idea and he wonders very much whether this idea will be right or wrong. He is very anxious about it, and any feature in the new idea which differs from the old established ideas is a source of anxiety to him. Whereas some one else who hears about this work and talks it up |
