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American: from "the monkey trial" to the school teach creationism With the growing secular Europe compared, in the more than 80% of the people of the United States, a religion, Darwin's theory of evolution meet question and against more. The most famous is on July 10, 1925 Dayton town in Tennessee, held a worldwide attention, is called "the monkey trial" history of the century trial, Hollywood in 1960 according to the case made movies. At that time, the United States to promote religious Tennessee congress passed a bill, banned in school biology teaching of evolution, and only allow professor Christian creationism sous peine d 'amende as much as $500. But the state in the town of Dayton young teacher John scopes are unwilling to go against the knowledge of science, in the biology to continue teaching of evolution, and the results were religious court, prompt attention of the public opinion of the United States. The plaintiff lawyer Bryan is a former secretary of state, once three times was elected as the democratic candidates for President, despite the famous human rights lawyer darrow to appear in court for the defense, but professor evolution is still was sentenced to losing. In 1987, the United States Supreme Court judge, creationism for religious doctrine, banned in schools to teach. In the early 80 s, American religious circles and launching a new round of the theory of evolution counter-offensive, by religious scientists come forward, starting a "intelligent design" movement. They say that the world life complex range, only with Darwin's theory of evolution is difficult to explain make sense, there will be a wise designers of the almighty. But they still cannot prove the existence of the designer, it can only skirt around him. They once let some schools began to intelligent design theory, the results of the parents of the students were strongly against, in 2005 the United States state court judge "intelligent design" for the new-look creationism, not a scientific theory, not in the classroom to teach. Today, still have forty percent of americans don't agree with Darwin's theory of evolution. Charles Darwin in the two hundredth anniversary, the American media, a poll showed the theory of evolution, only 39% of americans believed, and 25% of americans are not believe, another 36% of americans of evolution and creationism unable to agree. And whether you believe in evolution and the education level and religion has great concern. Graduated from a high school in only 21% of people believe in evolution, and have graduate degrees in nearly 74% of people believe in evolution. In church the number who, the more don't believe in evolution. Young people more than older people believe in evolution, but in the age of 18 to 34, among people, and only 49% of people believe in evolution. In Chinese class, Darwin's theory of evolution has been students and the teacher generally accepted. The other side of the states, but complicated: Darwin and under the banner of god creationism, has been fighting for many years. S Darwin and god battle, Darwin and god's first meeting in 1925. At the beginning of the last century, the number of American high school students, surged to 1920 a total of about 2.5 million, is seven times as much as 30 years ago, more students are exposed to evolution. In 1925, Tennessee Dayton, middle school teacher John T • scopes, for professor evolution creationism supporters to court. At that time, the state law prohibits teaching in middle school in violation of any "bible" theory. Obviously, scopes touched Christian about people come from bottom line. Creationism supporters, will be simplified distorted evolution for "people come over from monkeys is changed". They think that a man such senior complex organisms, could not through the long evolution; Man is god's own design and manufacturing. The famous "monkey trial" as a result, scopes was fined 100 dollars. More seriously, the textbook publishers worry about the boycott of creationism, active cuts off the content of the theory of evolution. After 30 years, science education in the United States in evolution, few voice. When the Soviet union lead the United States, in 1957, after the successful launch satellites, the people of the United States to sit still. On government funding, biological science research project team set up, americans are beginning to pay attention to and strengthen scientific education, biology curriculum reform is put on the agenda. The group editing and publishing textbooks, emphasizing disappeared years of evolution. Results is obvious. In the mid 1960 s, nearly half of all American high schools used to support the new teaching material of the theory of evolution. In addition, the United States Supreme Court convicted in 1968 of the Arkansas anti-evolution laws in violation of federal constitution. This means that those who banned public schools to teach evolution laws are unconstitutional. But the creationism did not dampen, they adjusted the strategies, proposed the scientific creationism. This is the 2.0 upgrade edition creationism, but essentially, it still is creationism. Scientific creationism fact book "the genesis flood", the latest scientific achievements as support "Noah flood" evidence, and believe in god, about 6000 years ago, according to genesis the description of the process, created the universe. The religious beliefs dressed as a scientific sample, scientific creationism achieve great success in the 1980 s. In Louisiana, in the public school equal treatment of creation science and science of evolution guidance act, passed in 1981. Scientific creationism had entered the classroom, and obtained the legal guarantee. Then, the United States more than 25 state legislators to put forward, scientific creationism/evolution should be entitled to the same teaching time. In June 1987, the Supreme Court is to seven votes to two votes, sentenced to Louisiana's guidance law is illegal, and will be their abolition. S intelligent design theory of high-end course The morning sun never lasts a day. Two years later, the creationism change again, become "intelligent design theory". To preach the theory, the United States thought and moral foundation, especially write "about the panda and people," a book. The book think, of all things is god, alien designer may or through time and space cell biologists. No matter how to package, intelligent design theory and creationism in essence is consistent, they make the same scientific mistake, need the same religious terms. Intelligent design theory the high-end course. Through the academic rent-seeking, play with highly educated and academic position the advantage of people, a large conference, to keep the academia penetration erosion. Through lectures, television and the Internet, intelligent design theory to the spread of invasive. In 2008, the first film to creationism as the theme, accused the scientific community views of discrimination film "drive evolution" theaters. This one wheel in 1052 home theaters documentary, the main content is the scientific community plotting the creationism view of the scientists persecution, for public sympathy. Like this, the sympathy of intelligent design theory people are beginning to remain high. Although the scientific community to quite a theory of evolution, but the social movement against evolution successive rise. And in recent years, "evolution from the United States in the middle school textbooks to delete the news" continues to hear. In 2005, the Kansas a hearing, in the starting a stir. This year in May, the state education committee for school science professor how "the origin of life" problem, listen to many social opinion, and will be update relevant teaching outline. The focus of the debates is whether, evolution can appear in the textbook as truth? Textbooks can absorb other opinion, such as creationism and intelligent design theory. The BBC have launched a web poll. The results showed that 56% of people think the "theory of evolution is a perfect scientific theory, the present teaching don't need to modify", others think that "many americans to question evolution, and education should reflect different faith". In June 2008, Louisiana through a scientific education bill, which contains the content of the theory of evolution is against. The method that should be "allow and help teachers and school management personnel, in public elementary school and middle school to build a kind of atmosphere, so as to facilitate the students' critical thinking skills and logical analysis ability and the training of open discussion can objectively what science theory". This clause, for in the public schools about creationism, critical Darwinian theory provides a new opportunity. In between god and Darwin, new fight and will open. Can foresee that, as a Christian influence by the country, in the United States, a similar battle will also continue. S bush interfere with the theory of evolution In 2002, President bush issued the no child left behind act (NCLB), is generally thought is the 1965 basic education since promulgated, the most important basic education a law. Key goal is to narrow NCLB student achievement gap, for all children to provide high quality education. One involving evolution education problem, might have more elementary school students accept the evolution theory, as early as possible, without doubt, arouse the creationism new counterattack. Can't ignore that bush is typical of religious conservative position in dealing with creationism, obfuscating the ambiguous attitude. And under 8 years, bush ban all stem cell research. Time, American society from Washington's frequent antiscience mood, Darwin's theory of evolution also will receive severe impact. Proponents of intelligent design theory, also wander, on a cultural, scientific controversy, attacked those who only professor of school of evolution. They think, evolution explain the evolution of complex nature all content, it is just a kind of theory of hypothesis. This means that, other about biological come from theory have walked into class. |
