新西兰本科作业：How realistic is free trade in the real word?(2)

 

However, with the deepening of trade liberalization and openness of the market, the hidden dangers are revealed gradually on the following three aspects. 

Firstly, the industrial security in developing countries have become increasingly prominent, bringing severe challenges to the development of national economy and national security (Haichao, Yao Amber &Yeaple, 2015). The effects of trade liberalization on developed countries and developing countries are not the same, and the benefits obtained are far from the same. Developed countries, as advocates and promoters of economic globalization and trade liberalization, can rely on their strong economic strength and favorable political status to formulate international rules, strengthen their own advantages, and lead the international economic and trade order. For developing countries, although trade liberalization provides them with the conditions for expanding the scale of foreign trade, exerting comparative advantages, accelerating industrial upgrading and structural adjustment, due to the low level of long-term economic development, it is in the international division of labor and trade. Disadvantages, lack of the right to speak, coupled with the large number of exotic trade wall fish that have emerged in international trade in recent years have greatly limited the export potential of developing countries, and their national industries are often subject to fierce competition from abroad. Deprived of good opportunities for development, industrial safety is a serious threat. Trade liberalization in developing countries is premised on the market-oriented reform of the economic system. With the continuous opening of the import and export trade, the economic system environment of developing countries will inevitably change. The market-oriented reform of the economic system means the reshaping of the national economic order. This is an extremely complicated process and faces many major economic risks, which may affect the country’s industrial safety and even economic security. While the economic system is undergoing changes, it is accompanied by convergence with the international economy, which will further exacerbate the pressure of industrial security. In general, the security of the industry depends on the following factors: First, the country's ability to resist and resolve risks; Second, the stability of the national economic system; Third, the industry and the company's ability to handle risks. Among them, the ability of a country to resist and mitigate risks is determined by the effectiveness of the country’s economic system. The stability of the national economic system is determined by the degree of development of the country’s market economy, and the ability of the industry and the company’s own risk management is determined by industry and The vitality of the enterprise system is determined. Therefore, the stability of the economic institutional environment is the fundamental guarantee of industrial safety. It reflects the degree of integration of the international economic system that the industry is facing with the domestic counterpart system, or the economic system, laws, and policies of the country, and that of international economic organizations (Tongyu, 2017). The degree of system integration. When the institutional environment undergoes major changes, if a country’s economic system is not efficient, the market economy is not mature enough, the industrial and corporate systems are not perfect, and the controllability of economic risks is poor, the industry is often in an unsafe state, In crisis. At present, some transitional countries, including China, have deeper contradictions and problems in the economy. Institutional and structural obstacles still exist. The negative impact of the imperfect market system and non-standard market order on industrial safety cannot be ignored. Taking the opening of the financial industry in the service industry as an example, the opening of the financial industry is not only the opening of banking services, but also the liberalization of the market system, which will inevitably cause institutional shocks and changes.

Secondly, the widespread application of technical trade barriers by developed countries has caused serious damage to the safety of related industries in developing countries. Due to the huge gap between developed countries and the developed countries in the level of science and technology, it is difficult to reach the technical standards of developed countries from traditional products to high-tech products. Developed countries have strengthened their membership by establishing various integrated organizations (Haacke, 2016). Liberalization of trade, combined with joint economic strength and common foreign trade policies to counter external trade competition and retaliation and protect the internal market of all members, this strategic choice has become an important part of the foreign trade policy of developed countries. The strengthening of the trend of regional economic integration makes trade protectionism no longer based on national trade barriers, but tends to regional trade barriers, that is, the evolution from national trade protection to regional trade protection (Jiang, 2008). In addition to trade, the developed countries also cooperated in regional economic integration organizations in investment, intellectual property, and technology research and development. Judging from the current trends in international trade and the trade policies of developed countries, most developing countries are facing more complex and severe external trade environments (Tongyu, 2017). Technical trade wall fish refers to a country or region that formulates some complex, engraved and often based on the grounds of maintaining national or regional security, safeguarding people's health, protecting the health and safety of animals and plants, protecting the environment, preventing fraud, and ensuring product quality. Changes in technical standards, health and quarantine, and product packaging and labeling regulations will increase technical requirements for products, increase the difficulty of import, and eventually achieve the goal of restricting the entry of foreign goods and protecting domestic markets. Because of its hidden nature, flexibility, and pertinence, technical trade barriers have increasingly become the most important protection method in international trade. According to statistics, international trade barriers are technical trade barriers. Developed countries rely on their technological superiority to set up various technical standards and regulations, which is the main force of using technical trade wall fish, and developing countries are undoubtedly the biggest victims (Guo, 2013).

Thirdly, the intellectual property trade wall constructed by developed countries may all inhibit the efforts of developing countries to enhance independent innovation capabilities through technology import, and enable developing countries to form long-term technical dependence on developed countries. Taking the patent right as an example, the expansion of the scope of patent protection is conducive to spurring research and development in related fields and foreign direct investment in new technologies (Dawei, 2008). However, if the developing countries lack a basis and capability for innovation in related fields, then only The insurmountable obstacles to the development of new technologies in the country have consolidated the advantages of foreign countries and widened the technological gap at home and abroad. As the World Bank pointed out in a report: “The increasingly strengthened international intellectual property protection may threaten to further expand the knowledge gap between developed and developing countries, and affect the improvement and autonomy of developing countries in technology. The cultivation of innovation ability." Therefore, if the traditional trade wall fish strikes against the industries that have comparative advantages in developing countries, only the immediate interests will be lost, and intellectual property trade barriers may cause the developing countries to lose hope and future, and not only damage the industry. Security is also national security and strategic interests. Although the intellectual property rights trade wall has a negative impact on the trade interests and industrial security of developing countries, developing countries should also recognize their own deficiencies in intellectual property protection. Observance of the established rules and standards and the strengthening of the protection of intellectual property are all obligations of developing members. Only relying on imitation will never become a real power. Therefore, developing countries should actively improve the level of science and technology, and strive to narrow the gap with the developed countries, and only in this way can provide a fundamental guarantee for the country's industrial safety.

 

Under the background of economic globalization, actively participating in international trade and expanding market opening are inevitable choices for developing countries to integrate into the world economy and achieve sustainable development of the national economy. Moreover, trade liberalization also provides opportunities for the industry to take advantage of comparative advantages and accelerate structural upgrading, and creates conditions for the enhancement of the international competitiveness of the industry (Wu, 2015). The developing countries in the economic transition period should establish a market economy system as soon as possible, further improve the financial, fiscal, taxation, and foreign exchange management systems, and promote the link between the national economic system and the global economic system, especially the interconnection of rules and practices, and the adjustment of industrial structure. Trade policies and foreign investment policies are closely integrated. At the same time, however, developing country industries are also faced with problems such as trade protection and unfair competition, especially when the overall industrial competitiveness is weak, they are more vulnerable to external factors. Strong impact caused by strong impact.