吉新鹏老婆,军事历史小说,马龙球拍贴大头照
代写essay指导详细说明：写作要清楚直接，让读者易于理解和跟上，不要到最后再揭晓；可以用相冲突的理论来解释，或者就critique这个理论内相矛盾的点；论文就解释自己能理解能说明清楚的部分，但要有一定的critique（表现出你有思考过这个主题而不只是被输入），可以借助其他学者的说法来帮助你critique；Description-Evaluation(最好是两者相结合)；References要精确一点，看的是章节就标明这个是章节，不需要拘泥于第三人称/被动态。范文如下：
1.0 Introduction介绍
移民意味着移民生活环境的彻底改变。这对移民的生活构成了挑战。在适应和融入当地生活和应对挑战的过程中，男性移民的男子气概会发生一些变化（Hibbins，2005:167）。一些研究认为，这些变化有助于人的成熟，因此提出移民可以成为一个男人。但是，移民对男性的贡献是什么，他们会有什么样的男子气概，移民中影响男性气概变化的因素是什么，这个观点没有给出明确的解释，需要进一步的研究和讨论。本研究旨在探讨男性移民所表现出的男性男子气概，以及男性气概在移民过程中发生变化的原因。首先，通过查阅相关文献，了解男性化的定义及其影响因素。其次，从具体的事实出发，了解男性移民男子气概的具体表现。第三，在相关理论和客观事实的基础上，分析了男性移民男性化的类型，并对影响男性化的因素进行了深入分析。
Migration means a complete change for migrants in their living environment. This poses challenges for the lives of migrants. In the process of adapting to and integrating with local life and dealing with challenges, there will be some changes in the masculinity of male migrants (Hibbins, 2005:167). Some studies believe that these changes are helpful for the maturity of men and therefore proposed that migration can be the making of a man. However, what kinds of men does migration contribute to and what kind of masculinity they will have, what are the factors affecting men's masculinity changes in migration, this point of view does not give a clear explanation, and further studies and discussions are needed. This study aims to discuss the male masculinities that male migrants exhibit and the reasons for their masculinity changes in migration. Firstly, this article understands the definition and influencing factors of masculinity by reviewing related literatures. Secondly, it understands the concrete manifestations of masculinity of male migrants from specific facts. Thirdly, based on related theories and objective facts, it analyzes the male the types of masculinity of male migrants and conducts an in-depth analysis of what factors influencing masculinity.
2.0 Literature review文献综述
2.1 Definition of masculinity男子气概的定义
一般来说，男子气概是指家庭中男性的自主性、男性的支配性和男性摆脱女性控制的独立性。它集中在两个方面：第一，男性为了获得支配权而获得的焦虑、紧张和经验；第二，男性如何在社会和历史环境中对这种焦虑和紧张作出反应（sinn，1998:108；cheng，1996a:23；Mahler和Pessar，2001:441）。
In general, Masculinity refers to male autonomy, male domination, and male independence from female control in families. It focuses on two aspects: first, the anxiety, tension, and experience gained by males in order to gain dominance; second, how males respond to this anxiety and tension in social and historical settings (Sinn, 1998:108; Cheng, 1996a:23; Mahler and Pessar, 2001:441).
2.2 Factors affecting masculinity影响男子气概的因素
2.2.1 Physical determinism 物理决定论
重点是男性与女性的差异主要是由生理差异决定的。许多学者质疑，没有证据表明某些生理差异必然导致某些社会行为。不同文化中的男子气概是不同的。由于相同的生理特征，男性不具有相同的男子气概
The main point is that the difference between masculinity and femininity is mainly determined by physiological differences. Many scholars have questioned that there is no evidence showing that certain physiological differences necessarily lead to certain social behaviors. Masculinity in different cultures is different. Men do not have the same masculinity because of the same physiological characteristics (Hibbins, 2005:180; Sinn, 1998:120).
2.2.2 Cultural determinism
The main point is that the difference in masculinity is mainly determined by the specific cultural environment. Differences in the cultural environment have led to differences in masculinity, leading to differences in male behavior. The shortcoming of this view is that it cannot explain the process of change of masculinity well. For example, men of the same cultural background will have different new masculinities when they migrate to other countries (Sinn, 1998:119; Cheng, 1996a:23).
2.2.3 Social constructivism
The main point is that men are not born but created. A man created himself and actively constructed his masculinity. This kind of construction can only be realized in the historical and social environment. A man may be male when he was born, but his formation of a man’s identity is a very complicated process that interacts with culture (Hibbins, 2005:177; Sinn, 1998:119; Cheng, 1996a:58).
It emphasizes that being a man means building a set of expectations for men, that is, gender roles. In general, what is associated with masculinity is skilled, enterprising, active, competitive, and abstract cognitive characters. What are associated with femininity are natural emotion, affinity, and passiveness. Masculinity is a product of social acquisition or socialization. This theory was criticized in the 1980s on the grounds that gender roles were confined to a fixed standard. Men and women were considered to play a standard role based on their physical sex regardless of how their behavior and attitudes disagree with this standard (Hibbins, 2005:179; Datta, 2008:518; McDowell, Batnitzky and Dyer, 2008:750). This traditional provision for gender role has brought negative influence to men. In order to reach the traditional masculine temperament standard, men’s behavior has intentionally or unintentionally approached the mainstream masculinity, making men feel harsh pressure. Especially in modern society, if a man wants to become a true "man", he must pay a huge "cost" to enjoy his "privilege" as a man. In addition, this theory is considered to have no cultural universality and therefore cannot help to understand the changes in masculinity and femininity, nor does it help to understand how individuals adjust their roles in relation to the setting of gender expectations.
3.0 Masculinity of male migrants
3.1 Traditional masculinity
3.1.1 Active entrepreneurship
According to theory of social constructivism, after migration, males will build their masculinity based on people’s a set of expectations of men in a new cultural context. In general, masculinity is associated with skilled, motivated, active, competitive, abstract cognitive characters. Many studies have shown that such a discussion is correct (Hibbins, 2005: 172). Many studies have shown that male migrants have more entrepreneurial motives than female migrants, and migrants are more innovative and enterprising than local born populations. Migrants are often dissatisfied with their status quo (Hibbins, 2005:178; Sinn, 1998: 118: Sinn, 2001:59; Latif, 2015:162). For example, even though their income often increases significantly after the migration, even if their income is the same as the locals’ or even exceeds the income of the local people, they will still be dissatisfied with the income. This point is confirmed by a survey in Latin America - those who have migration tendencies and eventually choose to emigrate are less happy than those who do not, although in objective terms, these migrants live a better life than the latter. They are so-called "frustrated winners" and they are dissatisfied with the status quo. Migration more tends to choose to start their businesses than the locals. They dare to challenge new things and have more eagerness for success. This kind of temperament makes them inherently have entrepreneurial potential, or have something in common with entrepreneurs, they are more willing to accept challenges and they have innovative thinking (Hibbins, 2005: 173; Cohen, 2005:1).
3.1.2 Adhere to the traditions and psychology of their class and their mother country
Due to the influence of ethnic, regional, and cultural differences, migrants often intentionally or unintentionally display gender identities that are different from men in other countries (Gold, 2001: 57), such as what Datta (2008:518) found about the masculinity of a Polish male construction worker in London, England that their acts of building home were of great significance to their families and self-identity construction, and were also the most important way of expression of how Polish masculinity differed from English masculinity.
Batnitzky and Dyer (2008:51) implemented researches on the Indian middle class working in the service industry in the UK, they described the construction process of migrant masculinity through the analysis of different types of male migrants with low status, no skills, high technology and high knowledge. Finally, the four major reasons for the formation of Indian middle-class migrants’ masculinity were presented, demonstrating the Indian middle-class masculinity with ethnic labels.
3.2. Non-traditional masculinity
Migration poses many challenges for male migrants. These challenges make them express some non-traditional masculinity. |
