除四害工作计划,画蛇添足的意思,4000左右的笔记本
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2.4 Women’s family roles and the environment
Women play two roles in their families, the defenders of the family environment and the main implementers of family consumption (Griffin, 1978: 33). Most women are responsible for the cleanliness of the home environment and the disposal of household waste, which is conducive to taking the lead in environmental protection work in the home area, such as home energy conservation and household waste classification (Paddock, 2017:102). As a role that can dominate household consumption, women's choice of environmentally-friendly consumption will contribute to the conservation of the entire social resources, and even promote the production of environmentally friendly production and environmentally friendly packaging. The roles of home environment defenders and main household consumers are originally the roles for women in the private sector of families. However, the outstanding performance of these roles in the public domain of environmental protection can affect the progress of social environmental protection as a whole (Paddock, 2017:110). Therefore, the more consideration that women take for environmental protection in the process of playing their family roles, the more they can highlight the environmental functions of women's family roles, the more they can promote social environmental protection.
2.5 Gender advantage of women in environmental protection
Environmental protection is an arduous and trivial task that requires patience and carefulness. For waste sorting, it takes a lot of care and amazing endurance to last a long time and cultivate habits. Women just have the advantage of being meticulous and tough, so it is easier for them to carry out trivial environmental protection work (Shah and Shah, 1995:75; Bauhardt, 2014:60). When a woman is born, she is influenced by the maternal culture and obtains a motherhood character that is characterized by perceptual, kindness, tenderness, and rich sympathy; and men are trained in rational culture and trained to be rational, arrogant, and competitive, this is the male/market character (Roucheleau, Thomas-Slayter and Wangari, 1996:110; Bauhardt, 2014:68). It is precisely because of the different personality of genders cultivated by different socialized content that makes men easy to conquer nature, while women are more sympathetic to nature and respect nature (Roucheleau, Thomas-Slayter and Wangari, 1996:110). Social structure theory is based on the results of socialization theory. It is further believed that different gender qualities determine gender division of labor (Pérez-Terán, 2017:500; Banerjee, 2003:143; Roucheleau, Thomas-Slayter and Wangari, 1996:108). In the economic and professional structure of society, most rational and conquering men are engaged in management, scientific, rational, higher social status, and higher-paying jobs. The primary purpose of these industries is economic growth. In order to achieve rapid economic growth, they often do not hesitate to use the path of development at the expense of environmental destruction; sympathetic, emotional, and kind women are mostly engaged in education, health care, child care, and other related occupations. The work in these industries places a greater emphasis on the harm caused by environmental protection and environmental pollution, and women themselves suffer more from environmental damage, so women pay more attention to respect for nature and protection of the environment. They do not agree that the environment should be sacrificed because of economic development (Banerjee, 2003:143; Roucheleau, Thomas-Slayter and Wangari, 1996:109).
2.6 Women's physiological characteristics and traditional roles
From the perspective of women's natural sex, in the process of creating everything and creating life, the role of the earth and the biological role of women are similar. Women can understand the identity of humans and nature through the unique experiences of their own bodies (such as menstruation, pregnancy, birth and parenthood), while men cannot do this (Roucheleau, Thomas-Slayter, Wangari, 1996: 110; Leach, 2007: 67). Therefore, women are more accessible to nature than men, and women are the best spokesperson for nature. This connection between women and nature should be promoted. From the perspective of women’s social gender, women’s femininity is a product of adaptation to culture or socialization. Women are through their long-time fulfillment of their social roles to be close to nature. Women’s special relationship with nature is both socially constructed and ideologically strengthen. Leach (2007:85), Shah and Shah (1995:75), Griffin (1978:33) said, the relationship between women and nature has a long history, and this alliance continues stubbornly through culture, language and history. In the days when nature has been severely damaged and women suffer ruthless oppression, mutual care between man and nature, between people, and between men and women should be promoted. Caring is an equal relationship. Caring requires the mutual care of the two parties to exchange roles. Just as men should realize that women also need to be cared for, humans should also realize caring for the environment while they ask for caring from the environment ((Roucheleau, Thomas-Slayter, Wangari, 1996: 110; MacGregor, 2010:124).
3.0 Critique of the special relationship between women and the environment under present conditions
3.1 Defects in women’ capabilities
Although women have a naturally close relationship with the environment and women are more likely to embark on environmental protection, it is unrealistic to purely encourage women to participate in environmental protection. In reality, many women are still struggling on the poverty line, working hard for their lives and having no time to take care of environmental protection. In many rural areas of underdeveloped countries, women are actually the mainstay of agricultural production because the large number of male laborers works outside the home. Because of the lack of agricultural production knowledge and technology, rural women can only maintain inefficient agricultural production. This extensive production method itself seriously undermines the environment (Agarwal, 1992:158). In cities, although there are many intellectual women who are involved in environmental research and practical work, there are still a large number of women who do not have formal occupations and struggle with trivial and inefficient housework. Under such circumstances, it is not realistic enough to require women to raise awareness of environmental protection and participate in environmental protection. Environmental protection requires women to have a variety of capabilities. For example, they must have certain economic strength, political influence, cultural level, environmental awareness, and leisure time, all of which require the full development of women. Any failure to achieve development on the one hand will become a flaw in women's development, which is not conducive to the smooth progress of environmental protection, and it also eliminates the enthusiasm of women in participating in environmental protection (Agarwal, 1992:157; Shah and Shah, 1995:82).
3.2 Lack adequate support for women
At present, one of the main contents of urban women’s environmental protection is the household’s waste classification and household green consumption. This kind of private-sector work brings benefits in the public domain, and it can not be completed by conditions and efforts in the private sector alone, the related social systems in the public domain should cooperate with that (Macgregor, 2004:56; Agarwal, 1997:3; Shah and Shah, 1995:79). For example, garbage classification in households and communities is only the first step in garbage sorting. Next, there must be a dedicated department or company to carry out waste separation, classification, transportation, and sorting through one-stop services. Otherwise, there must be faults in the environmental protection work in the fields of private sector and the public, which makes the environmental protection failed. In some countries, especially in developing countries, this phenomenon has existed. In the communities, garbage sorting equipment has been set up. Residents have also implemented garbage sorting. However, in the garbage recycling bins, they mix all the classified garbage, making the waste classification work done by the community useless (Macgregor, 2004:59; Shah and Shah, 1995:78). Another example is household green consumption. Women’s buying green packaging or simply packaged goods while shopping can reduce the amount of white waste and save natural resources for luxury packaging. However, if a social system in the public domain does not have environmental awareness, it does not actively support and coordinate with women's environmental protection work, for example, if companies do not produce green packaging products, women’s environmental protection work can only be conducted in a limited range inefficiently. It is not just women but the whole society who are hurt (Macgregor, 2004:58; Shah and Shah, 1995:79).
Every aspect of the environmental protection chain needs material support. In the case of waste separation, for example, the classification, recycling and transportation of garbage, and the secondary treatment of various types of waste require the participation of social resources, such as garbage sorters, sorting bins, garbage handlers, garbage disposal plants, etc., manpower and material resources are all essential (Macgregor, 2004:83; Agarwal, 1997:23; Shah and Shah, 1995:80). In addition, the operation of environmental organizations, publicity of environmental protection knowledge, etc. all require sufficient funds, manpower, material resources, and time. At present, although women's self-promoted or advocated environmental protection organizations have some financial support, it is far from meeting their needs. Many environmental protection women invest their own energy, time, and money in environmental protection. They rely on a sense of environmental protection and conscience. However, when personal resources are exhausted, if the environmental protection needs to be continued, social resources are necessary (Macgregor, 2004: 84; Shah and Shah, 1995:81). |
