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引言-Introduction:
第一手来源是被认为是最可靠的研究和验证的信息来源。在此基础上我比较了第一手来源的不同参数的收集数据,以确第一手来源最可靠的来源。
议论-Discussion:
在本小节中,我将详细讨论第一手来源并通过比较第一手来源的例子来解释一下。
原始来源-Primary Source:
第一手来源是当要或者接近被研究的时候创建的一个文档,常常被人们用于研究。第一次收集第一手来源的数据,保持调查的目的,称为原始数据。
原始数据来源的优点-Advantages of Primary Data Source:
你收集的准确的数据元素是需要来回答你的研究问题。
你可以测试一个干预,比如实验药物或一个教育计划,以最纯粹的方式(双盲随机对照试验)。
你控制着数据收集过程,因此您可以确保数据质量,将丢失的数量价值减到最小化,评估仪器的可靠性。
你避免辅助数据的趋势,“挖掘”研究问题,而不是基于实际知识的不足来发展你的研究问题。
信息的原始来源-Details of primary sources
引言-Introduction:
Primary sources are considered as most reliable and validated source of information for the research. Based on this I have compared different parameters of collecting data from primary sources to assure that primary sources are the most dependable source.
议论-Discussion:
In this section I will discuss in detail the primary sources and explain it by comparing examples of primary source.
原始来源-Primary Source:
A primary source is a document that was created at or near the time being studied, often by the people being studied. Data from a primary source are collected for the first time, keeping in view the objective of the investigation and is termed as primary data.
原始数据来源的优点-Advantages of Primary Data Source:
You collect exactly the data elements that you need to answer your research question.
You can test an intervention, such as an experimental drug or an educational program, in the purest way (a double-blind randomized controlled trial).
You control the data collection process, so you can ensure data quality, minimize the number of missing values, and assess the reliability of your instruments.
You avoid the tendency with secondary data to "dredge" for research questions instead of developing your research questions based on real knowledge deficits.
You select a sample that is specifically designed to help answer your research question, so irrelevant exclusion criteria are not a concern.
There are many methods of collecting primary data and the main methods include:
Questionnaires: Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting data, but are difficult to design and often require many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire is produced.
Interviews: Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for people's attitudes, preferences or behavior.
Focus group interviews: A focus group is an interview conducted by a trained moderator in a non-structured and natural manner with a small group of respondents.
Observation: Observation involves recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects and events in a systematic manner.
Case-studies: The term case-study usually refers to a fairly intensive examination of a single unit such as a person, a small group of people, or a single company. Case-studies involve measuring what is there and how it got there.
Diaries: A diary is a way of gathering information about the way individuals spend their time on professional activities.
Critical incidents: The critical incident technique is an attempt to identify the more 'noteworthy' aspects of job behavior and is based on the assumption that jobs are composed of critical and non-critical tasks.
Portfolios: A portfolio is recording information about how each problem arose, methods used to solve it, difficulties encountered, etc.
After having a brief introduction about the different methods of collecting primary data, let's now compare different parameters of collecting primary data. Examples are
Postal Survey
Telephone Survey
Personal Interview
总结-Conclusion:
After doing all the comparison between the examples and their parameters, I have come to this conclusion that primary sources are the most reliable source but to identify the primary source it is not easy. So based on this report I have clarified which procedure should we use to identify primary source.
推荐-Recommendation:
In order to use primary source in our research we have to think specifically on our subject and its target. Because primary sources vary depending on the situation. So we must have idea how to identify correct primary source.
引用-References略
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