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| 大多数学术工作的基础是撰写一篇ESSAY的能力。尽管这听起来很明显，但这是大多数学生都需要提升的技能。我们中没有一个人天生就有能力撰写一篇能够有效解决给定主题的ESSAY，并充分支持有证据的论点。不用担心，因为这些技能是可以学习的。本文着手定义撰写主题ESSAY所需的所有主要技能，无论您是获得主题还是选择自己的主题ESSAY。 您需要撰写的ESSAY类型在一定程度上取决于您从事的特定领域，但是一般的结构要点对所有主题都适用。写一篇好的ESSAY的第一个也是最重要的方面是研究ESSAY的问题。对问题进行仔细分析作为好的ESSAY基础的重要性不可高估。尽管如此，令人惊讶的是，有多少学生简单地写下了他们对某个学科的了解，却没有提到问题的实质。同时，在论证的过程中，请确保您继续进行核对，以查看是否在回答问题，而不仅仅是发泄关于给定主题的所有知识。  在开始撰写之前，您都需要研究批评意见。如果您被分配了一个主题，那么将为您概述诸如文本选择，字数和样式之类的内容，但是，如果您是“从头开始”，则需要自己做出这些决定，而只需更改它们即可以后如果您的研究表明需要覆盖除您最初计划之外的其他领域。 1. 重新思考标题 Having thought carefully about what you are being asked to do the next stage is to ensure you are not committing plagiarism. Plagiarism is a major concern and it is easy to do without meaning to. It's simple to forget where your ideas start and someone else's end. Try to strike a balance between finding evidence that supports your own ideas and those which appear to contradict you. A good essay will present a balanced case and display an awareness of all points of view (within reason), not just those that agree with your own! It is a good idea to compile an alphabetical list of all books used during your research stage as this will save time with your referencing and bibliography later, as you will have kept track of where you sourced your evidence. Remember to present this in the academic style required by your school as, for example, there is a considerable difference between Harvard referencing and MLA. We recommend that you seek advice on the referencing style required before starting your research. A good tip to remember when referencing is that, although most referencing styles will allow for the use of abbreviations, the first time a book is quoted the full details should be given. 2.1 Introduction 介绍 无论选择哪种方法，请记住，介绍是考官将要阅读的第一条陈述。同样，这听起来很明显，但是许多学生对介绍感到粗心，要么说得太多，要么说得太少。一个好的介绍清楚地列出了您对该主题的回答以及您将如何表达该回答。 It is commonly agreed that quotation should be omitted from your introduction as this is where you are going to say what your response is, not that of others. Remember to keep your introduction short and to the point, ending with a 'feed' into the opening paragraph of the main body of your essay. 2.2. Main Body 主体部分 在论文的主体中，每个段落都应基于论文主要主题的一个独立（但相关）方面。 Following the plan, you made earlier, write each paragraph as though it were under a sub-heading to the main title and supplement each of your points with the evidence you have collected. Students are often unsure about the length of paragraphs but, although there is no hard and fast rule, it is a good idea to keep them to four or five sentences. 支持您的陈述是至关重要的，就文学论文而言，也应分析这些证据。 This means that you should comment on individual words and/or phrases that seem to be of particular interest or importance. Analysis of this kind should not only get you extra marks but may also suggest additional lines of thought which may be helpful, if relevant to the main argument. 论据不应太长。 Never quote more than a few lines at most, except in exceptional circumstances, and ensure you adhere to the referencing style you have been requested to use. It is usual to indent longer quotations and set them out on a separate line, single-spaced, following a colon. Shorter quotations, of one line or less, should be incorporated within the text and enclosed with quotation marks. 尝试在文章主体的每个段落结尾加上下一个“钩”，即介绍下一个段落主题的想法。 Follow this up by opening the next paragraph with reference to the link, this will help your essay to flow better and seem to be establishing a pattern which will ultimately lead to your conclusion. Paragraphs should move on using the basis of furthering the argument. This can be achieved in several ways: Sequential writing顺序写作 - where one event follows naturally from another Elaborative writ精巧的写作ing - where you develop a point made previously Contrasting/comparing对比/比较 - where an idea contradicts or questions a point in a preceding paragraph这些只是一些想法。还有更多，您的选择可能取决于您要构建的论文/论据的类型。 2.3. Conclusion结论 结论应该是您的论点的总结。 It is not uncommon for students to lose marks by presenting an abrupt conclusion (usually due to a shortage of space) which can overlook the implications of the overall argument, its future development, or unavoidable contractions/omissions. It is acceptable to use quotations in conclusions but do not introduce new ideas at this stage. By now, your reader should have been given such a strong sense of your central argument and no further information is necessary. Your conclusion is space to give generic context to your specific thesis and to tie up any loose ends which you feel have occurred during the writing of the essay. 2.4 Referencing 参考文献 学术工作需要参考。 Put simply, this means declaring the sources which you have used as part of your research, evidence, or justification for your arguments. Referencing is vital, both to improve the strength of the arguments you make, and to ensure you are not plagiarizing the work of others, in any academic work. 引用样式有很多不同的种类，遵循课程或模块手册中提供的特定指南非常重要。 Some of the most popular referencing styles are Harvard; Footnotes; APA; OSCOLA; and Oxford. In general, there are two common formats for referencing styles: author-date and notes-bibliography. The author-date system provides the authors surname and date of publishing in the body of the work, for example. The notes-bibliography referencing style consists of footnotes or endnotes which are numbered and correspond with a superscripted citation number in the body of the work, this is then followed by a bibliography which provides full details of each footnote or endnote. If you're struggling with referencing, refer to your module handbook first, in order to find the correct style, and then take a look at our referencing guide for the necessary style. Other pages related to this section: APA Reference Generator Harvard Reference Generator Vancouver Reference Generator 2.5 Writing style写作方式 您的大学极有可能就论文的写作风格设定更多指导方针。您应该在提供的说明中找到所有这些指南，请注意，大学之间存在相当大的差异。 There are, however, some rather common stylistic instructions that you will more than likely be provided as most universities require essays to be typed and double-spaced using size 12 font in 'Times New Roman'. One instruction that you may not be provided is that, as a general rule, you should not write in first person unless specifically asked to do so i.e. avoid the use of phrases such as 'I think' or 'in this essay I am going to'. Rather, allow your essay to reflect a personal perception whilst being presented in an objective manner. It is useful to look at how professional writers construct essays to gain style tips though remember, do not plagiarize under any circumstances as this is sure to be detected. Plagiarism is also unfair on the writer whose ideas you are stealing, and ultimately, is self-defeating. It is also important that you do not use colloquial (slang) expressions, stick to Standard English throughout. Lists are not a good idea, either, unless the essay specifically requires them, as they can appear to be rushed or a truncated way of presenting a lot of information without sufficient explanation. Be careful to note any guidance on the information required on your cover sheet - this often includes, your name, the module, your candidate ID and the lecturer's name. 3. Final checks最终检查 论文完成后，请通读以检查错误。 As mentioned above, it can be useful to ask someone who has not seen your work to proof-read it for you. You can also try reading your work aloud as, when reading, we only tend to see what we expect to see and typographical errors can easily be overlooked. Correct any errors before handing in your work, otherwise you are throwing marks away. |
