安蕾丝照片,名站,一丝不苟的苟的意思
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Secondly, Weber believes that "the sharing of political power and the pursuit of power have an effect on the distribution of power -- whether between countries or within groups within the same country." From this descriptive definition, political activity is the process of pursuing power and using power. As mentioned above, power is omnipresent in social life(Haugaard, 2014, p 1-2). As a result, the politics of the use and distribution of power also exist in various fields of social life. In his speech, Weber made clear that the politics he was talking about mainly referred to the national leadership or the impact on such leadership(Stewart, 2001, p 2-3).
Weber also has detailed analysis and a clear definition of what is a country. Webb says, the country "in the form of a rules can be modified through the administrative and legal system, administrative staff (also by the articles of association) of the operation of the group behavior in this system as the orientation, it requires not only apply to - largely due to the birth and join into the group - members of the group, and to a great extent, is also applicable to all behavior rule." In other words, Weber believes that the state as a political group is characterized by state administration(Sowa, 2013, p 3-4).
Thirdly, management and legal systems have universal applicability in the area under their management. But this is not the nature of the state in Weber's sense. Therefore, the state is the only source of the right to use force." This passage clearly demonstrates that in Weber's view, the state is an organization with a fixed territory and a legitimate monopoly on the use of violence in this territory(Hamilton, 2013, 455). The monopolistic use of violence is the basic characteristic of the state, and violence is a direct force, which is an important component of power(Stewart, 2001,p372). So the state itself means power.
Compared with Foucault’s view, through Weber's political definition and national concept, his power refers to political power, and political power is the power at the national level(Grosby, 2013, 308). Is power a tool or a purpose? Clearly Weber is not from the state.Weber fundamentally believes that power is an indispensable tool for all politics, and therefore one of the driving forces of all politics. Further, Weber is in fact inseparable from his political position and political concern when he defines politics based on power. In other words, he believes that political power is a tool, and the purpose of service is, of course, the national reason(Sowa, 2013, 190).
Political power and domination are closely linked. To a large extent, domination is the use of political power, and power is the dominant mode. It is a very important concept in Weber's academic system, which can be said that he constructs his social ideology system at the core. In Weber's view, there are two ideal types of domination in the broad sense: the first is the domination based on the interests, and the main performance is the market domination. The other is based on authority. In a narrow sense, domination means the domination of authority, and that's what Weber USES in this sense(Stewart, 2001, p 1-2).
Compared with Marx’s view, he has important social impact - is the dominant like put the contents of the command (only for the sake of the command itself the cause of) as their action principles "control means that are the dominant to always maintain obedience to commands from the dominator, its essence shows that control to be dominant with authority(Hibou, 2006, p 2-3). According to Weber, authority is a command power. Domination means the exercise of power(Hamilton, 2013,p59). The domination of power requires two elements.
Compared with Foucault’s view,the so-called human element refers to the administrative staff, namely the administrative bureaucrat; The so-called factor refers to the administrative tools, namely the material resources. In fact, in modern countries, the essential material resources are controlled by the ruling party through the bureaucracy (Munro, 2003, p 3-4). Therefore, as a rule of power, the two most important basic elements must be the dominant structure and the dominant. The bureaucratic structure is a necessary system tool for the political operation of the country, but the operation of bureaucracy is driven by people(Sowa, 2013, p 191). Therefore, the quality and ability of the dominant power are particularly important. In Weber's view, the country needs many mature politicians who are good at applying power(Parsons, 2006,p1121). The logical development of Weber's political thought is that he must make a theoretical analysis of the professional politicians who are politically motivated(Hamilton, 2013, p 2-3).
Michel Foucault's conceptions of power and domination are described. Firstly, Foucault uses genealogy to analyze the microcosmic power relations and distinguish from traditional power analysis methods. Foucault criticizes traditional notions of power, and the traditional view of power ensures the power of institutions and mechanisms, and the overall system that some people rule over others. In Foucault's view, the traditional method of power analysis adopts the analysis method of suppression hypothesis, which holds that power and object are a negative relationship.
Secondly, power is merely censorship and enactment of laws(Hamilton, 2013,p60); Power works from the top down, resulting in the antagonism between the ruler and the ruled. Foucault believes that this analysis is consistent with the operation of feudal kingship, but it does not apply to the analysis of modern power(Hibou, 2006, p 5-6). Foucault rejects this traditional theory of power, arguing that the power of "juridical - reasoning" as a traditional model of power, resistance cannot be a revolt against power(Pereira, 2011, p 3-4).
Thirdly, because if the power is external to control desire, we will make the liberation of desire and commitment, but this occurred in the power relations in liberation, then resist not as resistance on power; If power is a component of desire, it means that it is itself under the control of power, and it is impossible for people to get rid of the rule of power. Therefore, from the traditional view of power, resistance cannot be resistance to power, and people can only obey power and can't resist(Munro, 2003, p86). Foucault pointed out that the utilization of the traditional concept of power is mainly the definition of power objective of research subject, this kind of form in the contemporary society "two kinds of disease: the power of fascism and Stalinism". , these two kinds of power diseases take advantage of the concept and means of our political rationality. "Since Kant, the role of philosophy has been to prevent the limits of what is given by reason beyond experience," Foucault observes. However, the rationalization of the development of modern state and social political management is obvious (Munro, 2003, p 3-4). The two kinds of power diseases in modern society can be regarded as a kind of rebellion against rational enterprise, and rationality fall into its own trap(Munro, 2003, p 3-4). Foucault advocates resistance to power relations from a strategic point of view. Because modern power is essentially a kind of disciplinary power, Foucault’s resistance is to deny the same to the individual, and to show individual differences.
Compared with Weber’s view, Foucault points out the role of resistance in the theory of micro power. The micro-power relations are always flowing, reversible and unstable, which are the characteristics of power relations that make freedom possible. Freedom is an important condition of power, which means that power is not closed and completely suppressed, because such a relationship is only a kind of violence, and it is not the power relationship that Foucault explains(Munro, 2003, p 3-4). What Foucault calls the power relationship is variable, which means there is a possibility of resistance in the power relationship(Hibou, 2006, p 1-2). It is a misunderstanding of Foucault that the theory of micro power completely ignores freedom(May, 2014, p 428).
Compared with Marx’s viewFoucault argues that there is resistance everywhere, wherever there is power. In Foucault's view, traditional macroscopic power theory adopts the mode of rule, power is exercised from the top down, which causes the fundamental opposition between the exercise of power and the receiver of power(Pereira, 2011, p 2-3). The ruling and opposition model means the traditional authority is not able to resist, the receiving power can only obey, cannot resist, in repressive power relations, the individual becomes the object of others to control, in this kind of relationship caused suppression of freedom. In the micro power relationship, Foucault introduces new power technology. The power relationship is accompanied by discipline technology, special.Foucault points out that power comes in both negative and positive forms, which is based on the role of the subject and freedom in the relationship of power. Negative power relations shows that power relations from external to control power relations between the anonymous subject, reflects the power relations between people and others, the main strategic ways to resist power relation, pursue limited freedom; Active power relations shows that power relations from the internal control of the power relationship between the main body, reflects the power relations between people and itself, with the aid of power relations, the subject can freely and creatively choose our way of life(Munro, 2003, 80). Negative power relations and positive power relations have the basic characteristics of micro-power relations, and their fundamental differences show how to deal with the relationship between power, subject and freedom(Bang, 2014, p 180). Therefore, in Foucault's understanding, there are two kinds of relationship between people. The relationship between the person with the free choice ability and the ego. The two forms of Foucault's power theory have certain correspondence with the two meanings of the main body(Pereira, 2011, p 3-4). Knowledge/power makes the main body, the main body through control and dependence and submission to others, the agency's authority to obey or to bound by conscience and self-reflect the social identity of the subject(Pereira, 2011, p 5-6). |
