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3.3 The Research from Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
3.3.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970. He was an American humanistic psychologist who was the pioneer of humanistic psychology. Humanists focus on potentials. They believed that humans strived for an upper level of capabilities, and they seeked for the frontiers of creativity and consciousness and wisdom. In 1954, Maslow published Motivation and personality, which introduced his theory about how people satisfied various personal needs in the context of their work. The Hierarchy of Needs model comprises five needs. There are some kinds of needs which can produce some motivations. Maslow also believes that among the needs of people’s hope. There exist some orders and different levels, and behaviors produced by needs and enthusiasm can be derived from satisfaction of needs. He divides needs into five levels. They are physiological needs: air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Safety needs: protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, and so on. Belongingness and love needs: work group, family, affection, relationships etc. Esteem needs: self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independency, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, and self-fulfillment, seek personal growth and peak experiences. Each of us is motivated by needs and our most basic needs are inborn. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied, we concern with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. If the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away. We are no longer concerned about the maintenance of our higher order needs. All of these needs are equivalent instincts in animals. Humans start with a very weak disposition that person grows. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied.
3.3.2 The Analysis with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The Physiological Needs that are usually taken as the starting point of for motivation theory are the so-called physiological drives. The physiological need is the fundamental need for food, clothing and shelter. People must be able to satisfy this need. The marriage between Wickham and Lydia bases on the impulse of “The Physiological Needs”. Lydia is a frivolous girl. She elopes with Wickham, which is due to being in indulgence in good-looking and sexual passion. Lydia has been called “highly sexed” by at least one critic. Lydia has always been pursuing the sexual passion. She knows how to get admiration from others when Meryton comes some officers. She would go there and tempt them. In her mind, the beautiful scene is that she sees herself seated beneath a tent, tenderly flirting with at least six officers at once. She indulges her sexual passion and get into it. As Maslow describes, when some kinds of needs entirely predominate the human, the consciousness of human moves around some kinds of needs. In this situation, the needs of human become singularity. If the needs of human just confine lower level, the values and world view and the expectation for future have always been in the satisfaction of original desire. Therefore, human hardly connects with nobleness and ideality. However, the expectation of Lydia has oriented the satisfaction for sexual passion. She can’t produce the higher needs. Wickham pursues the women from two aspects. Firstly, Wickham courts Miss King for purely money to satisfy his greed. Secondly his elopement with Lydia, He will never marry a woman without some money. He is only willing to have a woman accompanying him for the purpose of sex. So they finally marry totally on the impulse of “The physiological Needs” We can understand the matrimonial value of Lydia on the basis of beauty and sexual passion.
If the Physiological are gratified, it emerges the Safety Needs for security, stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order, law, limits, strength in the protection. The marriage between Charlotte and Collins is decided by “The physiological Needs” and “The Safety Needs”. It accords with Maslow’s opinion. Maslow thinks any behaviors are usually decided by some basic needs. “It was the only honorable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be their pleasantest preservative from want. This preservative she had now obtained.” (Austen, 2003:166) She considers it as the satisfaction for “The physiological Needs” and also the best choice for survival. Collins’s fortune can ensure her future life. When her Physiological needs are gratified, she is eager to get the satisfaction for “Safety Needs”. However, she needs a kind of stable, regular, and common life. If she becomes the wife of clergyman, her daily life can be forecasted. This kind of life can give charlotte an expected, organized, order, world. From the point of view, we should know why she chooses a conceited, pompous, narrow-minded, silly man as her husband. Does she pursue the higher level for “The Belongingness and love needs”? Does Charlotte feel if she lacks fiercely “lover”? The answer is negative. From her attitude to married and unmarried, she never loves him. She accepts his proposal because of her reflections in general of satisfactory. “Mr. Collins to be sure was neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome, and his attachment to her must be imaginary.” (Austen, 2003:166) From her reflection, we find she doesn’t have the impulse for giving the love to Collins. Love Needs includes not only giving love but also accepting love. Charlotte doesn’t expect that Collins gives love to her. Before she knows that “I am not romantic, you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home.” (Austen, 2003:170) After she married, she never desired for “The Love Needs”. During her marriage life, “When Mr. Collins could be forgotten, there was really a great air of comfort throughout.” (Austen, 2003:213) From the point of view, Charlotte has hardly “The Love Needs”. Why Charlotte can enjoy the marriage without love. According to Maslow’s opinion, when a person lacks some need for long time, he doesn’t need this satisfaction any more. She has never experienced love. There is no love for long time in her life. She becomes no romantic woman. Therefore she enjoys the marriage without love. Collins’s matrimonial value bases on the satisfaction for “The Safety Needs”. When he makes proposal for Elizabeth, “first, that I think it a right thing for every clergyman in easy circumstances to set the example of matrimony in his parish. Secondly, that I am convinced it will add very greatly to my happiness; and thirdly—that it is the particular advice and recommendation of the very noble lady whom I have he honor of calling patroness.” (Austen, 2003:143) He just needs the legal marriage because of Safety Needs. Collins marries for getting a wife. So Charlotte’s matrimonial value is on the basis of money, but no love.
If both the Physiological Needs and Safety Needs are fairly well gratified, it emerges “the Belongingness and Love Needs”. Now the person will feel keen, as never before, the absence of friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife or husband, or children. He or she is eager for affectionate relations with people in general, for a place in his group or family. He will strive with great intensity to achieve this goal. When he or she is hungry, he or she sneers at love as unreal or unnecessary or unimportant. Now he will feel sharply the pangs of loneliness of ostracism, of rejection, of friendlessness and of rootlessness. All people in our society have a need or desire for a stable, firmly based and usually high evaluation of themselves, and this level of esteem needs. The esteem needs include self-esteem of others. They are the needs to feel important, admired, and worthwhile. The people in society usually demand the needs and desires of a higher social stability or firmly unchanged evaluation for a self-esteem and respect from others. The satisfaction of self-esteem usually leads a feeling of confidence and will give the impression that you are valuable, useful, and indispensable and having the power, capability, and a location in the world. Once these requirements have been set backs, it will result in and inferior feeling of being weal and incompetent. The marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy is the combination of love and esteem. Their marriage happens between the Love Needs and the esteem Need. Finally they get their happiness. The background of Elizabeth is similar to Charlotte. Therefore Elizabeth should be eager for the Physiological Needs and Safety Needs. But she didn’t consider marriage like Charlotte as “preservative”. When she refuses the proposal of Collins, she gives up a chance to meet “The physiological Needs” and “The Safety Needs” It shows that her higher level for needs, namely, spiritual needs. To Darcy’s first, lordly proposal, Elizabeth refuses to respond in the role of passive grateful female, showing her special personality. It also reveals her strong higher level for needs. She totally judges him from her feeling. She can’t change her mind because of Darcy’s property and social status. “Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? To congratulate myself on the hope of relations, whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own?” (Austen, 2003:259) Darcy said. “Why, with so with evident a design of offending and insulting me, you chose to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your reason, and even against your character?” (Austen, 2003:256) Elizabeth said. Her esteem needs are so strong that she can’t accept his proposal in spite of her self-esteem. When Elizabeth accepts his second proposal, she is satisfied about the Love needs and the Esteem needs. Their love is on the basis of acquaintance, concern, responsibility, and esteem. He endeavors to bring about the marriage of Lydia and Wickham. “He had done all this for a girl whom he could neither regard nor esteem.” (Austen, 2003:256) “For herself she was humbled; but she was proud of him. Proud that in a cause of compassion and honor, he had been able to get the better of himself.” (Austen, 2003:437) From this, she expresses her respect for him. Finally Elizabeth retorts Lady Catherine, “He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman’s daughter; so far we are equal.” (Austen, 2003:477) From her words, we can find that she meets her love needs in love. Because true love us is the behavior of emotional communication under the esteem and personality. |
