11岁的少女,我的高官爱人txt,王洪祥近况
| I. Introduction In translation，to keep the content of the original textual material, we must, from grammar to vocabulary, make necessary changes in forms of expression in the source language in accordance with that in the target language. To what degree the changes will be depends upon the distances between two languages and their cultures. There will be less changes between languages which are more similar to each other or have the same or similar universal cultural backgrounds. And there will be more changes, on the other hand, between those which belong to different language families and do not share the same cultural backgrounds. No matter to what degree the changes may take place, the aim is all the way to keep the contents of the original textual material by seeking equivalence in information. In terms of translation skills，transformation is one of the very emergency measures to seek in the target language the equivalent information of the source language. In this way, contents of both source language and target language are in keeping with each other, though forms may be somewhat changed. The author, far from being knowledgeable and experienced in both translation theory and practice, is trying his utmost in the thesis from different grammar models of translation, by analyzing a great many very good examples from some excellent translation materials, to find some rules of transformation from English into Chinese, and also the reasons for transformation of various kinds, in the hope of contributing a little to the cause of translation. Above all, adoption of the technique of transformation is directly aimed at achieving the maximal expressiveness. II. Transformation of Parts of Speech in English-Chinese Translation Transformation is by far an old topic, but it is not one about which everything has already been done. There is no doubt about the fact that many domestic translators have been working on it from different angles and have made great contributions which are evident but still far from enough yet, for nothing has been done to gather all those reasons concerning concrete transformation. 2.1 Definition of Transformation In the translation from one language to the other most of the Chinese words has one kind of part speech, which can act as more parts of a sentence and it is unnecessary to change; While the English words are on the contrary, there are no set rules for the change over the part of speech, which must be changed when acting as different parts in a sentence but generally speaking, if the translation is on the basis of being faithful to the original, that will be better and natural. The American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida also pointed out that, means of transformation between parts of speech, like the use of noun denoting the meaning of an action, is widely used in some languages such as English and Greek. When we translate English into Chinese, however, we can more often than not meet with this kind of transformation. Then what we call transformation between parts of speech in English-Chinese translation may be defined in the specific way as transformation of some certain parts of speech in English into some other parts of speech in Chinese. 2.2 Necessity of Transformation It has been generally accepted that transformation is one of the most important translation techniques in English-Chinese translation. Before we go on with the principles of transformation, it would be advisable for us to go back to morphological classification of Chinese words. It is quite obvious that Chinese characters are not inflective in form and therefore not definite in part of speech when taken separately. In Chinese, some words can only be used in certain applications, while others without any outward change may function now as nouns, now as verbs, now as adjectives, etc., the value in each case being shown by syntactic rules and the content. It has already been stated that we can not always get an appropriate corresponding Chinese word for an English word of the same part of speech, and vice versa, and that if you replace each word in a sentence in one language with one or two words of the same part of speech in another, it would be substitution, and not translation at all, and the sentence this substituted would sound very awkward, or even unintelligible to the reader. A good translator will therefore try by all means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language, quite disregarding the parts of speech of individual words so used in his version. Sometimes, without transformation there would be much misunderstanding. For instance, Marx's son-in-law once wrote a reminiscence named "Reminiscence of Marx". If we do not adopt the technique of transformation of part of speech, the Chinese translation would be《马克思的回忆》，which may cause people naturally to think it was Marx himself who wrote this reminiscence. Conversely, if transformation is used to translate it into《回忆马克思》，which is then there would be no misunderstanding at all. In practical translation work, words in the original, if necessary, may be translated into words identical in meaning but different in part of speech. All in all, transformation of parts of speech of all kinds in translation is eventually aimed at expressiveness, which is of vital importance in the course of translating activity. III. Transformation between Parts of Speech in English-Chinese Translation According to the function of words, they can be divided into noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition，conjunction, pronoun, and so on both in English and Chinese. Let’s see what their functions are in this chapter. 3.1 Transformation of Nouns It has been universally acknowledged that English and Chinese, which do not belong to the same language family, differ greatly from each other, but have almost the same capability to express themselves and share the sameness more or less in vocabularies, because they are both the carrier of the ideology and culture of their own. They both have, for instance, various nouns to name a person, thing, quality, so on and so forth; various adjectives and adverbs to refer to the quality or characteristics of a thing or an action; and of course, many other parts of speech that have the same or similar function to describe a thing or an action. Either English or Chinese has its own unique characteristics of means of expression, that is, to be more specific, Chinese is a language in which verbs are more widely used than those in English; while in English nouns are more frequently used and occupy a dominant position, then we have to, more often than not, transform some English nouns into Chinese verbs in our practical translation from English into Chinese. 3.1.1 Nouns Transformed into Verbs An English noun possessing the property of a verb or derived from a verb is often transformed into a verb when translated into Chinese. For example: ⑴An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation. 交易增加，要求流通的货币量也增加。 This example is very typical. In this sentence, three English nouns are converted into verbs in translation, otherwise, there will be many versions of translation but neither would be as easy as the above one. Let’s see another example: ⑵Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已用来探索宇宙。 We can see “application” and “exploration” are switched into verbs. If we don't convert the parts of speech, it can be translated into: "火箭已经找到了宇宙探索的应用" which is rather wordy and difficult to say. From the above two examples, I can see the importance or conversion of parts of speech in translation. Because of the use of conversion of parts of speech, the translation is more simple and concise, as well as more informative. 3.1.2 Nouns Transformed into Adjectives In English writing, there are some proper nouns which are derived from adjectives and without determiners, such as success whose part of speech need to be changed in translation into Chinese. Seen in this examples: ⑴The maiden voyage of the newly-built steam ship was a success. 那艘新建轮船的处女航是成功的。 If we translate it word by word: 那艘轮船的处女航是个成功， it would be rather awkward. ⑵He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他对电子计算器的操作是陌生的。 In this sentence “stranger” is the derivative of strange, part of speech of it is transformed into adjective. 3.1.3 Nouns into Adverbs The transformation of English nouns into Chinese adverbs is far from being a universal phenomenon in translation, nor is there any great necessity for doing that. Some excellent translations, however, demonstrate to us that the transformation of English nouns into Chinese adverbs sometimes makes a more natural and smooth trans1ation. For example: ⑴I have the honor to inform you that your application has been accepted. 我很荣幸的通知你，你的申请已经被接受。 Clearly we can see "honor" was converted into adverb. ⑵When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm! |
