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| 欧洲经济面临的挑战—European Economic Challenge 土耳其加入欧盟-在经济和安全挑战下所面临的风险和机遇 欧洲联盟(欧盟)是一个政治和经济共同体，最先的名字是欧洲经济共同体(EEC)，于1957年由六个欧洲国家达成《罗马条约》组织而成的。由于欧洲经济共同体现已改名为欧盟或欧洲联盟,扩大新成员国加入规模，为此也新添了一些相互制约条件。(Wiki project, 2007）因此，成为欧盟的成员国和候选国的数量也在呈上升趋势。欧盟政府的责任巨大，要监控、管理和决策来自世界各国的成员国。目前，申请加入欧盟这一过程中，遭受最多困难的是土耳其；尽管许多欧洲人坚决反对土耳其加入。土耳其成为欧盟成员国对双方都有好处，原因是因为土耳其的经济迅速增长。土耳其加入欧盟，成立了新的经贸策略；在文化上，减少了种族歧视和道德分歧的现象产生。 欧洲经济面临的挑战—European Economic Challenge Turkey’s Accession to the European Union- Risks and Opportunities under the Light of Economic and Security Challenge The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community which originates as the European Economic Community (EEC) organized in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome between six European nations. And since EEC was already called as EU or the European Union, it has grown in the size by the accession of new member states and has altered its power in the addition of new policy areas to its remand. (Wiki project, 2007). Therefore, more and more countries are becoming EU member state or candidates. It is a big responsibility for EU government to monitor, control and make decision for such large piece of the world. Currently, the most problematic applying to join EU is turkey. Although many Europeans firmly protest against joining Turkey, doing so would bring many advantages to both EU and Turkey since Turkish economics is very quickly growing. Turkey in EU would create new economic and trade strategies and mutually improve prejudice and moral deficiencies in all cultures. Economy in Turkey was transforming over twenty years. While they were active in macroeconomics and oriented to the international business, Turkey has developed the most economic sectors. In spite Turkey has encountered some obstacles; its economy has become flexible to variation in the world. Europe should look up to Turkey for its power to renew its economics. They experienced two significant crises since the World War II. In November 2000 and February 2001 when debt to GNP ratio almost doubled within the year, economic activity decreased and unemployment increased (Schmidt, 2002). However during the last years, Turkey was able to make a huge step in economic growth. They focused mainly on the financial markets and banking sectors. They put their effort in supporting a sustainable development of macro-economic balances, stabilizing the money and foreign exchange markets, and f restructuring the banking sector. Reforming process included privatization, social security and agriculture. Telecommunication sectors and energy, and many parts public sector that include public financial management, from 1993 to 2002 economic growth culminated about 2.8% on average. In 2003 economic growth reached to 5.9% and in 2004 it raise to 9.9% (Crofts 1999). This growth level was the peak of the growing, but Turkey still monitors economic growth about 5-6 % on average (Butler & Taylor, 2007). Considering that many other much smaller countries have had long-term difficulties to cope up with inflation and economic stabilization. Turkey showed their excellent capability in economic policy to survive in the competitive world which is one of the basic requirements for becoming a credible member of the European Union. Turkey is placed in very good strategic location between Europe and Asia. This land is one of the most important key points that requires infrastructure to develop transportation and communication. This area will also be attractive to energy suppliers. This could develop business connecting Europe and Turkey, Turkey with Central Asia, and Black Sea Economic Cooperation countries. Thus, Turkey could become the crucial bridge between Europe and the biggest continental all over the world (Bilefsky & Hugh, 2004). Moreover, structural changes in income are that Turkey has passed will be suitable for foreign investment. Therefore, if the international trade within the EU penetrates Turkey even more in future, it will cause a positive effect on economics between EU and Turkey. That would certainly work because Turkey experienced its most significant growth in foreign trade just after neglecting its import substitution policies. It is worth to point out the fact that Turkish GNP increase by more than 50% after they opened new markets within the wide range that covers countries from the far Asia to Latin America. Turkish external trade volume has increased by more than 160 billion dollars in 2004 (Gauthier-Villars & Champion, 2004). The overall GNP was 301 billion dollars in the same year. Another interesting point is the fact that Turkey earned about 2.9 billion dollars in 1980 and 63 billion dollars in 2004. Turkey has also decided to take advantage of their location to make business with energy. Besides having strategic place they possess natural resources of oil and gas. They plan to start with a great water project consisted of 22 dams, many irrigation networks, and 19 hydroelectric power plants situated inside and outside the country (Khan, 2007). It is considered as one of the 9 biggest projects in the world. It is called the Southeastern Anatolian Project. It will control 28% water potential in Turkey and irrigate 17,000 square kilometers of ground which will create 50% of more arable land. 22 water power plants in the projects will suppose to produce 27 billion kw/h of electric power (Khan, 2007)). Those power plants could use their quantity of electric energy to supply plenty of new big factories. Irrigation networks could help to produce more agriculture products and create many new work opportunities in EU. On the other hand, Muslims were often accused of breaching human rights of freedom of speech. In some cases they can embody real threat. They use to diffuse fear among common people. Huge amount of Muslims behave really dogmatic and fanatical in their belief. Certain Muslim obsession intrudes people’s freedom. People might have fear to freely express their opinion or openly say what they do not like about Muslims. It is unforgivable when someone in his or her faith kills human beings. For example, in November 2004, Dutch filmmaker Theo Van Gogh was murdered in Amsterdam because of his movie about violence against women in Islamic society (Barroso, 2004). The film based on reality, portrayed dark aspects of Muslim manners in their community. The script of this movie name Submission was written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Theo Van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi was 34 year-old woman who abandoned her Islamic faith. She did not offense Islamic people, but to get others to pay attention to what Islamic women have to face. She wanted to disclose this violence because as she stated, many Dutch are concerned about saying it loudly. Those Dutch do not want to cause religious tension or to be considered racist. Slaughtering Theo Van Gogh in short time after time after publishing the movie Muslims just confirmed their violent nature in real life. They cause only hatred in such a way that will create just difficulties in Turkish effort to join the EU. Nevertheless, it does not mean that EU should isolate this culture from the other culture. Just in the opposite way, UE should open their eyes and integrate this culture in its society in order to improve morality and ethics. It is clear that it will not be easy; Therefore, Turkey has still to wait for the EU accession. No doubt any woman or man does not like the codex that allows the treating them like animals. Yet even animal rights ban such a manners. It is more probable that if Muslim people were practically integrated in the society that values different ethics, Muslims would be sooner or later positively affected in the same way. In Netherland, the movie Submission launched a debate Muslim question related to adaption and modernizing Islam in the EU. Among 16 million people in Netherland there live 1 million Muslim in there (Flam, 2003). There are still more and more Islamic women are less afraid to speak out about violence against them. 土耳其加入欧盟—The Accession of Turkey The possible accession of Turkey to the European Union is at the centre of the controversy surrounding the EU’s enlargement. Given the disparate histories of the EU member state, Turkey’s own complex battle-scarred history, and nationalistic considerations, the question of whether Turkey will ultimately be accepted as an EU member with full rights and privileges, is one to which there are few clear-cut answers. The debate surrounding this issue continues to gain momentum both in Turkey and in the European Union, France, with President Nicholas Sarkozy in the forefront, has taken a lead in opposing Turkey’s prospective membership in the EU. The referendum on the EU constitution brought to the fore the French’s public reservations (Gauthier-Villars & Champion, 2007). Mr. Sarkozy stated I have not changed my mind: Turkey has no place in Europe, if I pose the question of Turkey, there will be no simplified treaty. Sakorzky’s comments are reflective of concerns not only about whether the Turkey meets the EU’s political criteria for accession, but also concerns that the Turkish accession will not be able to manage in a way a similar to other enlargements. Critics of Turkish accession also contend that Turkey is too big, too poor, with too dangerous borders and insufficiently European to join the Union (Hughes, 2004). An analysis of the historical context, along with the arguments for and against Turkish membership in the EU, is essential to identifying the possible political and economic implication of Turkish accession to the EU for the Union itself. |
