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2.Writing:一般来说summary应该是保持在原文的十分之一的长度，因此首先可以数一下原文的字数，然后除以10，得到一个数字。summary的字数可以少于这个数字，但是最好不要超过这个数字。summary应全部用自己的话完成，不要直接引用原文的句子（可以用单词或短语），应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序，这样你就不必重新组织观点、论点了，重申一遍summary必须全面、清晰地表达原文所要表达的信息，以便阅读这篇summary的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握原材料的原意。 下面介绍一下summary writing的几个技巧： 1）删除细节，只保留主要观点。 2）选择一至两个例子，原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3）把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可，避免重复。在阅读材料中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明，但是这在summary中是完全没必要的，删除那些突出强调的重述句。 4）压缩长的句子，如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He has Money problems.” 5）可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：Mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by a few people, but today by many, due to better wages, paid holidays, and better services.” 6）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词， 比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read in vacation.” 7）使用最短的连接词。 比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，替代at the same time, in the first place, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通还有一个技巧是，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果 8）文章中的第一人称说的话通常在summary中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: ”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboardor sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: ”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguisesthe taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” (136个字)可以用第三人称概括为： Kate quarreled/disagreed with Paul over how much salt they should eat. She wanted less, but he wanted more. (18个字) 3.Revision：草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，summary中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果summary中出现了不必要的细节、词汇、短语或长句子，删除或概括它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。 |
