军事观察,新七擒七纵七色狼,史前一万年电影
Harvard Style顾名思义是哈佛大学的论文参考文献标准，从字面上看，Harvard学位论文的参考标准在英格兰和澳大利亚被广泛使用，尤其是在物理学和自然科学领域。根据Harvard体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。 哈佛引用分为文内和文后引用。 （一）文内引用 （1）文中的引文通常包括作者的姓名（仅姓氏）和出版年份。此信息通常包含在文中引用部分之后的括号内。 Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual. (Silberschatz, Galvin & Gagne 2007) （2）如果文本中已经给出了原作者的姓名，则括号中只需要包含出版年份即可。 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne (2007) proved that Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual. （3）如果是直接的引用或者是对某一页具体的内容进行了引用，我们还需要给出具体的页码，这样读者可以找到引用部分所在的特定位置。 Galvin and Gagne (2019: p. 88) Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual. （4）如果作者是两位或者是三位时，需要列出所有作者的姓氏。当有多位作者时，通常会给出第一作者的姓氏，然后加上et al.。 “Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual” (Galvin and Gagne, 2001). “Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual” (Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne, 2001). Galvin et al. (2001) Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual.” （5）口头陈述文献，例如演讲和引文，通常与出版的作品相同，并且必须提供演讲者的姓名和演讲日期。 Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual (Galvin, 1996). （6）如果引用的想法或信息是个人对话，如与讲师或导师的讨论，则引用格式如下(Galvin Lorenzini, pers. comm.).： Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used in this guide follows the standard prescribed by the following manual (Galvin Lorenzini, pers. comm.). ‘Pers. comm.’是personal communication的缩写，我们在引用中如此标记即可，无需给出多余的信息。 （7）如果无法找到作者信息，则只需要在括号中包括文本标题即可。 Page, chapter or section numbers may be included in the in-text citation if the cited work is long and information helps the reader locate the relevant information. (Lost Spaces, 2014).  （二）参考文献列表Harvard reference list 使用Harvard格式时，所有参考都应包括完整的出版物详细信息，并应按作者的姓氏顺序排列。 按顺序排列它们，如果作品是在同一年，则按标题的字母顺序排列它们。并且在文内引用括号内用字母标注（a, b,c）。 （1）书籍引用 reference所需元素： 1. Author/s family name, followed by initial/s or organisation name 2. Year of publication, 3. Title of book in italics, 4. Edition statement if other than the 1st edition e.g. 2nd edn, or other description if applicable e.g. cat. no. 2201.0, 4. Publisher, 5. Place of publication, 6. Page number or numbers if applicable, e.g. pp. 8-17, 8. Date viewed if it is an electronic text e.g. viewed 25 March 2010, Example： O'Connor, DJ 1957, An introduction to the philosophy of education, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering Computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448. 文献信息应该包括：两位作者的姓氏和名字或缩写；出版日期；书名；出版地；出版商的名称。注意书名应该使用斜体。  （2）期刊文章 reference所需元素： 1. Author/s family name, followed by initial/s 2. Year article was published, 3. ‘Title of article using minimal capitalization and enclosed in single quotes’, 4. Title of journal In Italic capitalize the Main Words in the Title, 5. Title of series if applicable, 6. Volume e.g. vol. 6 if applicable, 7. Issue if applicable e.g. no. 3, 8. Pages e.g. p. 7. Or pp.68-83, 9. Date viewed if electronic article, e.g. viewed 23 February 2010 Example： Meindl, D 1987, ‘Chips for advanced computing’, Scientific American, vol. 257, no. 4, pp.54-62. Dumoulin, SO, Bittar, RG, Kabani, NJ, Baker, CL, Jr, Le Goualher, G, Pike, GB & Evans, AC 2000, 'A new anatomical landmark for reliable identification of human area V5/MT: a quantitative analysis of sulcal patterning', Cerebral Cortex, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 454-63. （3）网页引用 互联网越来越成为信息的来源，重要的是要同时参考互联网资源和打印资源，与打印资源相比，互联网上的信息变化越来越快，有时互联网地址也会被改变。 即使您引用的是网页，包含该网页和发布日期（大多数页面日期位于页面底部）的都是作者。标题，首页地址和首页访问日期为必填项。 Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year]. Example： Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Australian Bureau of Statistics Belconnen, ACT, viewed 14 December 2010, <http://www.abs.gov.au/>. |
