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问题：经济学家每年发表世界各地巨无霸价格标准。在美国，法国和韩国的巨无霸的价格，以及相应的（年平均）2006年和2009年的名义汇率。计算每一个国家的隐含购买力平价，并比较这与实际汇率。你能解释一下美元和名义汇率的隐含购买力平价的差异吗？
《经济学家》的巨无霸指数是一个非正式的指数，有时用来判断不同货币之间当前的汇率是否合理，货币是否处于正确的汇率，尽管它并不打算精确地预测货币流动。现在通常被称为汉堡包经济学，它的理论基础是购买力平价（PPP）。购买力平价是指一个国家在所有国家都应该购买同样数量的商品。它表明，长期均衡将调整汇率，从而使不同国家的商品和服务的购买力或成本相同。它是基于一个价格规律：在理想的高效的市场，同样的商品只能有一个价格。
巨无霸指数使用麦当劳巨无霸汉堡的价格，汉堡包在大约120个国家生产。它假定巨无霸在每一个经济体中都是类似的产品，无论何处生产，都是用相同的规格制造的，因此它应该在每个地方都有相同的价格。
Ques.: The Economist publishes every year the prices of a standard BigMac around the world. Find the BigMac prices for the USA, France, and South Korea and the corresponding (average annual) nominal exchange rates in 2006 and 2009. Calculate for each of these countries the implied PPP of the dollar 2006 and 2009 and compare this to the actual exchange rates. Can you explain the differences in implied PPP of the dollar and the nominal exchange rates?
The Economist's Big Mac index is an informal index sometimes used to judge whether current exchange rates between different currencies are justified and currencies are at their correct exchange rate, though it is not intended to be a precise predictor of currency movements. Now commonly known as burgernomics, it is based on the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP is the notion that a dollar should buy the same amount of goods in all countries. It suggests that a long term equilibrium will adjust exchange rates such that the purchasing power or cost of traded goods and services in different countries will be the same. It is based on thelaw of one price: in ideally efficient markets, identical goods should have only one price.
The Big Mac index uses the prices of McDonald's Big Mac hamburger, which is produced in about 120 countries. It assumes that the Big Mac is a similar product in each economy, wherever produced, and it is made with identical specification, thus it should have the same price everywhere.
The following tables compare the Big Mac prices, nominal exchange rates and the Implied PPP for USA, France and South Korea for the year 2006 and 2009.
Comparing actual exchange rates with PPPs indicates whether a currency is under- or over- valued. A country's currency is said to be overvalued if the implied PPP is greater than the market exchange rate and it is said to be undervalued if the implied PPP is less that the market exchange rate.
In accordance with the above explanation, Euro is overvalued both in 2006 and 2009 i.e. the implied PPP is more than the nominal exchange rate. The Euro has appreciated in 2009 as compared to 2006, but the nominal exchange rate should come down by about 28%(for 2009) and 19%(for 2006)to equalise with the implied PPP and thus holding the law of one price true. Whereas, the South Korean Won is undervalued both in 2006 and 2009, as implied PPP is less than the nominal exchange rate. We notice that the Won has depreciated in 2009 as compared to 2006, but the nominal exchange rate should go up by 26%(for 2009) and 17%(for 2006)to equalise with the implied PPP.
The under/over valuation of Euro and South Korean Won for 2006 and 2009 is shown below:
There is a difference between the nominal exchange rate and the implied PPP of the dollar as calculated using Big Mac prices. This difference can be attributed to several factors.
The difference can arise largely due to factors affecting either:
The implied PPP by Big Mac index
Or
Nominal Exchange Rate
Firstly, the difference arises because the actual prices of Big Macs are not same everywhere. Many of the inputs of a Big Mac cannot be traded internationally, thus the prices of these goods may diverge substantially between countries. This effects the PPP but not the nominal exchange rate because comparisons on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis take account of the variations in prices of the same goods in different countries. Unlike comparisons at market exchange rates, PPP reflects the real purchasing power of each country's residents.
The Big Mac index is most useful for assessing the exchange rates of countries with similar incomes per head. It is quite natural for average prices to be lower in poorer countries than in developed ones. Non tradable inputs like labour services and property rent generally differ and are particularly cheap in poorer countries. This gives a big cost advantage in production of these goods and services. PPPs are therefore a more reliable way to derive exchange rate than market exchange rates, because cheaper prices mean that money goes further. The prevailing rates of taxes also lead to a difference in input prices and the selling price of a same commodity in different regions.
The PPP model assumes that the real value placed on goods is same in different countries. But in reality, what is considered a luxury in some places might be a necessity in others. The PPP method does not take this into consideration.
On the other hand, the factors which effect the nominal exchange rate are price level of the two countries in question, inflation rates, the real exchange rate etc. There factors might not always affect the PPP, thus there is a difference between the two.
The above points explain the differences between implied PPP and nominal exchange rate.
The believers of PPP have based their views largely on arguments relating to international goods arbitrage, which leads to equilibrium but this is not always the case. Thus Big Mac index is not a perfect measure of exchange rate.
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