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America’s “equality and freedom” is often limited to white people. The most fundamental reason why racial discrimination in the United States has evolved into a cultural model is that the purpose of white people is to maximize their political and economic interests, that is, the interests of white people are paramount. Historically, since the Caucasians set foot on the land of the Americas, they have achieved absolute superiority through various means. They do not want to see the rise of blacks and other ethnic minorities. “The biggest threat to any form of racism is that a large number of minority members have risen to the top of society.(Wilson)” This gave them fear and resistance from the bottom of their hearts. The core concept of the supremacy of the interests of white people has long dominated the use of various means by white people to implement discrimination against ethnic minorities such as blacks. The American-Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal published a classic monograph on the problems of African Americans in 1944: " An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy " revealing a huge gap between American democracy ideals and reality. In contrast, Modal believes that the “black problem” in the United States is not actually a black issue, but an “attitude toward blacks by white people(Myrdal 43).” Until the 1950s and 1960s, the period of socio-economic depression in the United States was also the end of World War II. In the era of blacks fighting for equality, the race issue has inevitably intensified.
In the main case of the novel, the Tom case, the black Tom was accused of assaulting and raping a white woman. Atticus became Tom's defense lawyer. After questioning at his professional, wise and logical levels, the facts were presented to everyone: This white woman named Mayella loved him after spending some time with honest and kind Tom. On the day of the accident, Mayella cheated Tom into the house and tried to force sexual relations with him but was rejected by Tom. The father, who was just getting home from work, saw that his daughter was fooling around with a nigger. His furious father started to hurt his daughter and framed Tom and raped her. In the trial, Mayella wanted to help his father evade legal sanctions on the one hand, and in order to alleviate his sense of guilt that he was attracted by a poor black, he eventually chose to frame Tom. Although their conspiracy was eventually exposed by Atticus, in the world where whites control the right to speak, all blacks are lying and all blacks are immoral. In a society where white people discriminate against black people, blacks cannot win. Racial issues are a common objective fact for the southern United States. They are like air and permeate all aspects of society and family life.
In this book, in addition to manifesting racism, it also implicitly shows the problem that white people give excessive sympathy to black people. This reflects racism from the side. The problem is deeply rooted. Harper Lee pinned the rescue of the blacks on the moral awakening of the white people and had confidence in the moral return of the residents in the town. She believes that everything in the south will be beautiful, society will be fair, and justice will prevail over evil. This is the uniqueness of this book, but it is also its limitations. Although the author stands on the stand against racial discrimination, his background in the south makes it difficult for the author to fundamentally abandon the idea of racial discrimination. In Marshall's book, he had stood in the black point of view and appealed: "You have turned us into heartless people. Your humanitarianism claims that we belong to the whole world, and the racism you practiced has us all together. Different(Fanon 13).” The real equality of human rights is that all people are on the same basis and there will be no contradiction between people because of race or skin color problems. Whites will not hate them because of their skin color, nor will they give them too much sympathy because everyone is the same.
Also in the novel, there are many examples of implicit discrimination against blacks, most notably the Attics. Even though they were sympathetic to blacks, they did not treat blacks on an equal footing. But I think because you are black, so I pity you, this is a kind of implicit discrimination. When people in the town hated blacks, Atticus was willing to defend Tom. In his view, blacks, like mockingbirds, generally need protection and deserve sympathy. Attic's approach has treated blacks as a weak person, not as blacks as whites, because in his heart blacks are still lower than whites. He does not report great hopes for black people. He only hopes that black people are "good people" because they are not capable of doing other greater things. At the end of the article, Atticus educated scout, saying that when a person goes to observing blacks seriously, they will find that most of them are good people. Attic has no other requirements for blacks, as long as they are safe in their own right, do not break the law, and be a "good man." Attic had thought that deceiving a black man was dozens of times worse than deceiving a white man. What he said this way was precisely that he did not place blacks and whites on an equal footing. Atticus said in court that he would not pity Mayer because she is white, which explains the problem with Atticus. On the day of the Tom’s case, the order in which people entered the courtroom was this: Black people waited until the white man went upstairs before entering the house. This is a kind of behavioral racial discrimination. For example, after entering the court, the good-looking position is white. When Pastor Sykes took three children to the upstairs stands, four blacks stood up because there were not enough seats. They gave their front row seat to Pastor Sykes. In white-dominated towns, although social civil rights movements have risen, there is still a sense of inferiority among blacks. They accept the fact that the status of blacks is low, and that we should be white. Not only do white people have a hidden discrimination against them, black people also have a self-denying psychology.
The end of the Civil War marked the beginning of a new era in American history. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution were passed and gradually implemented. The blacks acquired the citizenship rights and at the same time gained the right to education in the true sense. During the period after World War II, although the development of the situation predicted that the status of blacks would change, the apartheid system was still a very important part of American life(Bracey, Meier and Rudwick 621). Looking back at the background of Harper Lee's creation of this novel, the United States liberated black slaves after the “civil war” and protected the black citizenship rights through the constitutional amendment. However, despite the abolition of slavery, the long-standing attitude toward discrimination against blacks in the history of the United States cannot be eliminated. As a result, the southern states of the United States have gradually established apartheid systems by exploiting the features of federalism and loopholes in legal interpretation. This system allows the black people to curl up in the corners of society. Poor education, poor living standards, high unemployment and high crime rates are still the identity labels of blacks. The “isolated but equal” apartheid system has led to inferior people’s feelings of inferiority to a certain extent. By the 1950’s, various activities in the United States against racial discrimination and apartheid had emerged and eventually converged nationwide. American Black People's Rights Movement. In 1954, the Federal Supreme Court ruled that the "Brown v. Board of Education" judgement violated the constitution by the apartheid law, inciting the "separate but equal" principle and becoming the beginning of an overall eradication of the apartheid system. In order to ease the ethnic conflicts, the U.S. government has made many efforts. For example, the Kennedy government had issued an executive order. The decree announced that the government has a clear obligation to promote and ensure that all people, regardless of race, creed, color, or ethnic origin, enjoy equal rights in seeking federal government contracts when they are employed or applying for federal government positions. Opportunity(Tomasson, Crosby and Herzberger 126). After all, the country was slowly moving forward because of the awakening of the oppressed and conscience.
However, the problem of racial discrimination in the United States is deeply ingrained. The “tumor” of racial discrimination has not been completely eradicated from the Americans’ minds. This article, through an in-depth analysis of racial discrimination in " To Kill a Mockingbird", reflects the damage that racial discrimination can cause to members of society and the social system and helps to warn of today's development. It can be said that turning freedom, equality and a fair legal system from an ideal to a reality is the direction that many countries today must continue to strive for.
References
Lee, Harper. "To Kill a Mockingbird." Litigation (1990): 68-58. Print.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Cycles of American History. HMH, 1999. Print.
Elson, Ruth Miller. Guardians of Tradition, American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century. University of Nebraska Press, 1964. Print.
Wilson, William J. Power, Racism, and Privilege. Macmillan, 1973. Print.
Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Volume 1. Routledge, 2017. Print.
Fanon, Frantz. "The Wretched of the Earth. Translated [from the French] by Constance Farrington." 1965. Print. |
