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跨国公司的历史
The History Of Multinational Corporations
根据对阅读全球化可以概括为一个世界范围内的政治、经济、信息、和私人关系作为信息扩散，世界文化、宗教、信仰、语言、社会经济系统等，还可能由于政治环境和技术进步也是塑造全球系统（。
全球化也可以被定义为世界范围内的社会关系的集约化，联系遥远的地方，在这样一种方式，当地发生的事件是由事件发生在许多英里以外，反之亦然。
Globalization is Associate in nursing historical method that began with the primary movement of individuals out of continent into different elements of the globe. Travelling short, then longer distances, migrants, merchants, et al. have continuously taken their ideas, customs, and product into new lands. The melding, borrowing, and adaptation of out of doors influences are often found in several areas of human life.
According to the opposite read globalization may be outlined as a worldwide spread of political, economic, informational, and private connections, as world diffusion of information, culture, religions, believes, languages, socio-economic systems, etc, is made possible attributable to political circumstances and technological progress and also the shaping of the global system(Szul 2010).
Globalization can also be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.
The origin of globalization goes back to human civilizations. The first phase of globalization began around the 1870 and ended with the World War 1 in 1919 driven by the industrial revolution in UK, Germany and USA. The import of raw materials by these countries from their colonies and exporting finished goods were the main reason for the sharp increase in trade during this phase. Below shows the process of globalization since the 15th century, this explains to us how exactly enhancement in technology and communication enhanced globalization over centuries-
In the 15th & 16th century-- Europeans made important discoveries in their exploration of the World Ocean. They began cross Atlantic travel to the "New World" of the Americas.
17th &18th century-- Colonization of land took place. Movement of people, goods, and ideas.
19th century-- the development of new forms of transportation ,steamship & railroads and telecommunications
20th century-- road vehicles and Airlines created transportation even quicker, the appearance of electronic communications, most notably mobile phones and also the net, connected billions of individuals in new ways in which leading into the 21st century(Peerun 2012).
Globalization started once war II however has accelerated significantly since the mid-1980s, driven by two main factors. One involves technological advances that have down the prices of transportation, communication, and computation to the extent that it's typically economically possible for a firm to find totally different phases of production in several countries. the opposite issue needs to do with the increasing easing of trade and capital markets: additional and additional governments area unit refusing to shield their economies from foreign competition or influence through import tariffs and nontariff barriers like import quotas, export restraints, and legal prohibitions. variety of international establishments established within the wake of war II-including the planet Bank, International fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), succeeded in 1995 by the planet Trade Organization (WTO)-have vie a vital role in promoting trade in situ of economic policy. Empirical proof suggests that globalisation has considerably boosted economic process in East Asian economies like metropolis (China), the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. However not all developing countries area unit equally engaged in globalisation or in an exceedingly position to learn from it. In fact, apart from most countries in East Asia and a few in geographic regions, developing countries are rather slow to integrate with the planet economy. The share of Sub-Saharan Africa in world trade has declined unendingly since the late 1960s, and also the share of major oil exporters fell sharply with the call in oil costs within the early Nineteen Eighties. Moreover, for countries that area unit actively engaged in globalisation, the advantages accompany new risks and challenges. The balance of globalization's prices and advantages for various teams of nations and also the world economy is one in all the most popular topics in development debates(Szul 2010).
GLOBALIZED BUSINESSES 全球化的企业
The major expression of economic process lies in corporations, which emphasizes the importance of this development for RIM professionals. There area unit few enterprises these days that haven\'t any international connections, part owing to the final framework of the worldwide economy. Owing to the varied modes of international activity, there seems to be a substantial vary - from domestic companies to internationalized companies. Such international activities embrace mercantilism and mercantilism merchandise and raw materials, investments, using foreign labor, and combos of those.
It can\'t be assumed, however, that trade inside a financial system is non-global whereas trade across national state boundaries is international. Several corporations area unit international however not international (e.g., domestic companies with subsidiaries abroad); some area unit multinational however involve solely 2 countries (e.g., us and Canada). Others area unit international (involving many countries in numerous ways); few area unit international. Few operate whole and solely inside a domestic market with no imports or exports.
Multinational corporations 跨国企业
It is vital to differentiate between international and international corporations. Several read international corporations (MNCs) because the thrust behind economic process. associate degree MNC may be a company that has established offices in many countries. The countries within which it owns or controls production facilities, the foreign personnel it employs, and foreign possession of corporations all indicate a company\'s international standing. The 1999 World Investment Report estimates that there area unit sixty three,000 such corporations worldwide with regarding five hundred,000 foreign affiliates.
Global corporations 全球企业
Many believe that MNCs area unit naturally international, though this term is reserved for those corporations with activities all told the world\'s continents or maybe several countries. there\'s little question, however, that a lot of MNCs area unit able to distribute their services and product wide across the world. a world company is additionally one that\'s able to shift, with some extent of ease, practices, labor, or production capability among countries reckoning on dynamical native conditions( International Marketing n.d).
The third wave of economic process started within the 1980s, with the decline of the communist system and also the success of the concept of democracy, free market and economic liberalism. The driving forces were Democracy and Free Market (instead of God and Civilization), Profit (from money operations and international trade) and Glory (of people, however conjointly of nations). The most (and multidimensional - economic, political, military, technological, cultural) center was the us followed or assisted by its allies: Western Europe and Japan. The most social teams pushing for economic process were people - prime managers of international corporations, bankers, exchange brokers ("Wall Street") etc. gaining profits and satisfaction from the world-wide circulation of capital and merchandise, deregulating of capital markets, also as politicians, intellectuals, and students considering economic process, free market and democracy as a way of resolution issues of worldwide poorness, as some way of bringing peace, prosperity, and freedom to every country and to the total grouping. The Collapse of communism - as an alternate to democracy and free market, and also the collapse of the USSR as a world rival of the USA, were thought of by several call manufacturers and intellectuals in several countries as associate degree proof of the dearth of different to the economic, social, and social group of the developed "West" and to the role of the USA because the sole global world power. Acceleration of the speed of circulation of capital, data and merchandise, characteristic for this wave of economic process, was enabled by the then progress in technology, especially in data and telecommunication technology (symbolized by the internet), and the development and diffusion of different means that of transportation.
The higher than delineate general characteristics of things of (the third wave of) globalization were in the course of some elaborate ideas, ideas and establishments. They
include, specially, the idea of the disappearing state (nation-state) as associate degree obstacle to the free circulation of capital and merchandise, the stress on free entrepreneurship (economic neoliberalism), the necessity for a "small government" and a "sound" financial policy (balanced national budgets, cuts in payment to avoid public deficits, etc), belief within the absolute superiority of personal possession ad within the want for privatization etc. These ideas and ideas were written within the 1980s within the thus known as "Washington consensus" |
