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从最早的时候开始,信息管理实践便已经适应了好几个世纪的发展和信息创造增长及为人所利用。在信息管理实践中,特别是在上下文的信息存储和检索是在信息学习领域中被学者讨论的最常见的话题。这对组织和管理信息系统化很重要,他可以被使用,并确保信息在人类生活水平中的相关性。
正确的方法和系统可以应用到存储和检索信息的过程中,应该可以被用于研究实现成功管理信息的目标。Korfhage, R (1997) 说,在设计一个有效的信息检索系统的过程中,重要的是要理解系统的组件和系统可以使用的方法。检索系统设计和评价的类型包括正式的建模、分析研究、模拟和用户测试。常见信息检索系统的基础是系统中匹配的文档和查询效率。系统中文件在词汇层面的准备情况,确定了在匹配查询之前文档中单词和短语的数量。语言、务实和探索技术被用来确定涉及一些需要通过用户查询信息的文档的意义。
The information management
From earliest time, the information management practices have been adapted for centuries along with the development and growth of information created and utilized by people. The practices in information management, especially in the context of information storage and retrieval is the most common subject that being discussed by scholars in the field of information studies along the years. It is important to organize and manage information systematically so it can be use and ensuring the level of information relevancy in human life.
The right method and system that can be apply into the process of storing and retrieving information should be studied so it can be use to achieve the goal of successfully manage information. Korfhage, R (1997) said, in designing an effective information retrieval system, it is important to understand the components of the systems and the methods that can be use with the system. Types of retrieval system design and evaluation include formal modeling, analytical studies, simulations and user tests. Common basis for information retrieval systems is matching documents in the system and queries efficiently. Documents in the system are prepared at the lexical level, determining the number of words and phrases in a document before it can match to the query presented. The linguistic, pragmatic and heuristic techniques were used to determine the significance of a document in relation to the information need presented through the query given by the user.
Korfhage, R (1997) also discussed about the concept of a document, which includes formally and informally data records from printed books and papers and informal printed data such as messages and letters. He also differentiates the concept of document and query but they are equal as they were both used in the information storage and retrieval process. In his writings, Korfhage defines the documents as surrogate document where it is a representative to the actual document. It was stated that information retrieval focuses how to generate and evaluate document surrogates in response to information need. Document surrogate or surrogate record can be seen as a linkage to the full documents. It identifies and provides means of linking user to the actual records. It provides little information about the actual documents or records. As an example, it bears title, abstract and other information about the materials other than the full version of it. The usage of document surrogate can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency in the process of information retrieval and storage.
Surrogate Records: Now and Then.
Information storage and retrieval has been based on classifying or indexing and other bibliographic method. It is also in creating and searching of surrogate for a document. These are the information retrieval process before 1950 as stated by Meadows (1999) in his paper. The creations of surrogate record become much abundant as the information works grow. Literature becoming more absolute in every fields of knowledge and the information management becoming more sophisticated eventually. Based on this situation, various kind of tools were created since the time where man created information and used them in their daily life. These tools are used to ensure the retrieval and storage process become more easier and faster. It is important element in managing information and every sources o it need to be organize and manage systematically.
Information storage and retrieval usually related with an entity where all these information are being kept. Traditionally, all information that was published will be kept in library and other places depend on type of materials that they bears. Some are stored in museum and archive. Published literature such as books, journals, magazine and other materials is growing everyday and this is an indicator that reflects the needs of managing it wisely. As stated, management of information main objective is to ensure all information are easily store and above all, it can be easily retrieved by people who needs it. This is where surrogate record play its role. This is how surrogate record emerge and developed from one type at first in it development into various kind of method as time passing by. According to Meadow, (1999) as cited from the writing of Kramer, 1963 and Johnson (1970), mechanical aid (catalogue records), to information retrieval first appeared when the first library catalogues were created, some say in Sumer four millennia ago, some say in Greece merely two millennia ago. These catalogues were basically lists of book titles or broad subject categories.
Catalogue record evolved even better in the early 19th century where it came in form of a card. Many issues and restriction on the usage of book catalogue such as in term of space for storage and difficulties to update the information of the records in book catalogue forced libraries during that time to develop a catalogue records in a form of card. Meadow, (1999) described that catalogue card allowed for more than one entry point or search key. It was easy to update but, of course, there would normally be only one copy of it; the user had to come to the central location. As usually, every new invention has it own weaknesses. Each development in the creation of surrogate records are based on the development and growth of collection stored in libraries. The evolution of forms of surrogate records also influenced by the development and emergence of new technology especially in information technology such as computer and internet.
Before the era of computer, information storage and retrieval process were done manually and traditionally as stated above. Book and card catalogue was used to manage and organize all materials so it can be easily retrieve by user. As collection grows, and libraries become more open, these methods are no longer relevant to be applied. New approach to tackle new development in the field of information storing and retrieving were developed and invented inline with certain issues and new trends in information management.
Globalization is a term that all information-related individuals must aware of. Either he or she works, study and teach in the information field, managing collection in libraries or archive, everybody must know how to suite and adapt into that kind of situation. The emergence of internet has fastened the process of globalization. In the globalization era, information are shared and being accessed from and to any location around the world. We are no longer bound by the wall of traditional libraries in retrieving and storing information. Access to information is now become unlimited and also the creation of information is increasing. This requires new measures especially in the process of storage and retrieval of information. Resources are now not only tied up in form of printed but also electronic resources have also existed as the result of rapid technology growth. This requires new form of management for this kind of resources. In an electronic environment, resources storage are known as databases. Database as defines in Dictionary for Library and Information Science (2004), a database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images. Centralized and decentralized databases are being access and the developers used I to store and then retrieve information from it.
Robinson, (2004) in her literature review, stated, the world of remote access electronic resources is an ever-expanding and rapidly changing ocean of knowledge. Within this ocean, waves of information technology continually create challenges for the description of new types and formats of electronic resources. Catalogers need to be able to describe precisely the characteristics of these resources, as well as how they are packaged and delivered to users. The development of international and national cataloging guidelines for the description of remote access electronic resources has been slow. The complexity and variety of electronic resources seems to daunt catalogers more than the complexity and variety of print resources. Remote access electronic resources in particular are often treated as indescribable aliens in the realm of bibliographic description.
Standardization Plays Its Role
At first, the creation of surrogate records were bound by the creators' own usage. It was to eased the process of storage and retrieval of information in his or her own environment. But, as the information and literature grows, the role of surrogate record also grow inline with the development and changes in the information technology. The invention of database and internet have gave a deep impact on the development of surrogate record and its concept in information storage and retrieval. |
