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美国广播公司获得了一个独特的声誉 一般情况下，由C.德鲁里（2008年）作业成本法可以被定义为“会计技术，使组织能够确定每个产品和组织生产的服务，而不考虑组织结构相关的实际成本。” ABC需要充分的计划和从高层管理人员和为小型企业一样，K.C超市用ABC来产生对服务产品成本的承诺;最好是做对即表现不佳的部门试运行。在这种情况下，有一个更好的机会，企业会成功，证明，一个企业可以通过实施ABC省钱的一种方式。另一方面，如果确定活动的成本的不节约措施，它意味着要么成本系统被错误地执行或不适合的业务。 罗伯特·S(2003)指出,“旧美国广播公司的模型对许多企业执行来说是复杂的,因为高成本消耗人们对美国广播公司做了初步采访和研究模型,利用偏置的时间分配,和维护模型的复杂性(i)资源支出变化,(2)添加新鲜的活动,和(3)增强出现在个别订单的范围和密度,渠道和客户”。 然而,以下是公司需要采取的步骤，为了利用美国广播公司去服务:生产产品成本。 首先,有必要建立一个团队负责决定活动所必需的产品成本或服务。团队必须覆盖部门等领域人力资源、财务和一个外部顾问,如果可能的话。 其次,装配团队后,数据材料和工具是必要的,以确定活动的真正成本与高水平的业务注意细节和浓度要求的成本可能并不明显。 Generally, Activity Based Costing by C. Drury, (2008) can be defined as "an accounting technique that allows an organisation to determine the actual cost associated with each product and service produced by the organisation without regard to the organisational structure". ABC requires adequate planning and commitments from the top management and for a small business like, K.C Supermarket to use ABC to produce product costs for services; it is advisable to do a test run on the department that is underperforming. In this situation, there is a better chance that the business will succeed and a way of proving that a business can save money by implementing ABC. On the other hand, if no saving measure of activity cost is determined, it means either the cost system was wrongly implemented or is not suitable for the business. Robert S, (2003) pointed out that "the old ABC model has been complex for many businesses to execute because of the high costs expended to interview and study people for the preliminary ABC model, the use of biased time allocations, and the complexity of maintaining the model as (i) resource spending changes, (ii) fresh activities are added, and (iii) enhancement arises in the range and density of individual orders, channel and customers". However, the following are the steps a company is required to take in order to use ABC to produce product costs for services: Firstly, there is a need to set up a team in charge of deciding the activities necessary for the product cost or service. The team must cover departmental areas such as human resources, finance and an external consultant if possible. Secondly, after assembling the team, data on materials and utilities is needed in order to ascertain which of the activities really cost money to the business with a high level of attention to details and concentration is requires as some of the costs may not be obvious. As soon as all the costs are noted, the result must be entered into ABC software which will help the business to analyse and get facts on what is needed to boost their profit margin and make the activity more resourceful. Thirdly, after analysing the data collected via ABC and cost effective activities has been determined, the next step is to choose the methods that can be taken to boost profit. Any activities that are deemed to be too expensive can then be outsourced in an attempt to enable them more cost-effective. However, businesses that apply ABC run the possibility of wasting too much time, effort and money on collating data that is gathered. Too many details can sometimes be provoking for managers and inadequate detail can also result to unsatisfactory data. An additional cause of ABC downfall is failing to take action on the results supplied by the data. This occurs especially in businesses where ABC model is not welcomed. Cokins, (2000), cited that ABC repeatedly fails because project managers overlook the fundamental rule: It is better to be roughly accurate than to be specifically inaccurate. He also cited that the application of average cost rates and disconnecting information to action can also hamper ABC projects. Another restraining factor is that ABC software can be too expensive. M Henricks, (1999), stated that most Activity Based Costing Practitioners find the software very efficient in managing tasks. He also said that time can be a crucial cause for businesses looking for an instant result. He said some businesses see results immediately but in reality, it may last up to three months for some companies to see the profitability of ABC and depending on the type of product phase, it could last much longer. J. Cullen, (2001), cited that "costing concentrates on processes relatively than functions. He also said that managers can only administer costs by overseeing the activities that cause the costs. The principal facet is to recognise cost drivers and to apportion costs to an activity on the basis of that cost driver. An example is K. C. Supermarket' use of activity based costing for producing product cost for services and to evaluate internal efficiency, quality and profitability per service line. The benchmark method for estimating a simple ABC model begins with identifying a compilation of resources that carry out a range of activities. For example, K. C. Supermarket customer service division that performs three activities: Process customer complaints Handle customer order Perform customer credit checks The total cost for performing these activities is ￡12,500 per quarter according to K. C. Supermarket report, (2010). The percentages of time exhausted by employees on these three activities are 15%, 60% and 25% respectively. The actual quantities of work for the quarter in these three activities are: 5 customer complaints 150 customer enquiry 120 customer credit checks Allocating ￡12,500 supply cost to activities, by means of time percentage, and calculating activity cost driver rates as revealed below: Activity % Cost Qty Rate Customer complaints 15 1,875 5 ￡375/complaint Customer enquiry 60 7,500 150 ￡50/enquiry Customer credit Check 25 3,125 120 ￡26/check The above activity cost driver rates can then be used by the project team to apportion the expenses of the set of activities performed to each customer. If an in-house process is found not to be adding value to the business or company, organisation could possibly get rid of the process completely which as a result would decrease its overall costs. ABC also help management to try-out in recuperating the present practices of production by monitoring the adjustment in costs related to the process or even considering a wholly fresh practice. The capability to sight which changes decrease costs and increase production enables management to make more efficient an organization's production process. Efficiency is significant in staying competitive, and with ABC giving room for process excellence costs are capable to be decreased while production remains constant or even enhances. However, there are several problems that arise when businesses try to size up the straightforward method and maintaining the model to enable it reveal the change in activities, products, processes and customers. The first problem is the process to survey and interview employees in order to get their time apportionment is expensive and time consuming. Also, due to the high cost involved in updating ABC model consistently, many of the systems are only updated infrequently which then results in outdated activity cost driver rates, and incorrect estimation of customer, process, and product costs.
Mark Henricks wrote in a 1999 article for Entrepreneur J. Cullen, (2001) Robert S, (2003) |
