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在最近的十年伊朗石材行业在乌克兰石材市场正在经历一个快速衰退期。这个问题是由许多不同的相关因素影响的，包括开发、加工、营销问题以及该国官方壁垒如关税,通胀和政策等。本文基于分析模型揭示了这些问题。
矿物质等自然资源的出口被任何国家都认为是活跃经济的重要组成部分之一,通过出口资源从而真正提高社会经济和社会福利。大多数的亚洲发展中国家基于石油等自然资源的收入，忽略或忽视了其他产品,如矿物或农业的力量。伊朗正试图实现工业发展和自给自足的地矿产开发，这将在工业化国家发挥重要的作用。矿产出口可能造成大量外汇货币的获得,因此开展各种发展项目是至关重要的。 Problems of iranian stone industry
Abstract
Iranian stone industry is suffering a fast decline in stone market in Ukraine during the recent decade. This problem is arising from many different factors related to exploitation, processing, marketing issues as well as the country official barriers such as tariffs, inflation and policies. This paper reveals these problems based on analytical model.
Key words: stone, export, Iran, Ukraine, trade barriers
INTRODUCTION
Minerals form the principal natural resources of any country and export is considered as the most dynamic component of economic progress leading to true improvement in social and economic wellbeing. Most of Asian developing countries are based on the oil revenue ignoring or neglecting other products such as mineral or agricultural power. Iran is trying to achieve the industrial development and axiomatically the mineral development will play an important role in industrialization of this country. Mineral export may contribute a great deal in obtaining foreign exchange currency, which is essential in carrying out various development projects.
This paper examines the performance of the Iranian stone industry during the last two decades and describes the main problems of stone export to Ukraine. In this way, we compared the Iranian experience with the general features of modern economic growth at the world and at the regional level and discussed common and uncommon features along the same general framework mentioned above. This paper will organize the discussion, evaluation and comparison of the empirics of economic growth in stone industry in Iran and Ukraine.
The first section of the study is a brief of general awareness of non tariff barriers (NTB) which developing countries themselves maintain and which interfere with their ability to trade with each other. The second section deals with mineral industry in Ukraine and Iran as well as presenting some fact sheets regarding the Iranian stone industry and examines the issues of growth pattern and growth volatility in this field. In the end we examine both the usual policy and state variables in the empirical growth literature and also variables relevant for both countries. The final section presents a summary and some policy options.
Research results
The world economic situation regarding tariff and non-tariff barriers
Integration into global markets, for developing countries (DCs), offers the potential of more rapid growth and poverty reduction. Developing countries are clearly striving to diversify their export activity, which can be seen from the shift in the export pattern from low value-added manufactured goods towards higher value-added goods such as electrical and electronic products, industrial equipment and machinery and especially nonmetal mineral products.
In this reason, the share of manufactured products in terms of the export structure has steadily grown over the past two decades, whereas the share of primary commodities has declined. There are some critical problems in this field making it difficult for them to take full advantage of their exported products. Problems such as tariff and non-tariff barriers are hampering key developing country exports.
Technical barriers to trade (TBTs)
According to Wilson (2000), in developed countries, technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures may effectively serve as border-protection instruments (Wilson, 2000) [1] and it is evident that technical measures can be important obstacles to exports to these countries.
Despite their adverse effects, Nixon (2004) argues that these measures can also have a positive effect for developing countries by spurring new competitive advantages and investment in technological capability, should enterprises in DCs act offensively. This scenario is less likely to materialize in LDCs, given the significant technological and financial constraints they face. For trade among developing countries, technical barriers are less prominently reported.
Customs and administrative procedures
The technical barriers are less prominently reported for trade among developing countries. However, customs and administrative procedures also rank very high among reported concerns in the four components of analysis. Issues identified under this category of measures include difficulties relating to import licensing procedures and rules of origin and generally appear to be more pervasive in trade with other developing countries than with developed countries.
Ukraine construction materials sector
The Ukrainian construction materials sector has been showing sustainable growth since 2000. According to Ukraine's State Statistics Committee, there are nearly 9,000 companies making construction materials in Ukraine. The majority of them are concentrated in the Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Sumy and Zhytomyr regions. However, the range and quality of domestic products do not always satisfy the needs of modern civil engineering. A significant development lag is the result of the sub-par technological level of production facilities, and requires innovation and investment [2].
The nonmetal construction product industry's output amounted to 14.8 billion UAH in 2004 (based on State Statistics Committee data), including: 12.7 billion UAH for mineral products, 0.8 billion UAH for paints and varnishes, 0.8 billion UAH for rubber and plastic building products, and 0.5 billion UAH for woodworking and wood products.
The construction materials sector is quite active both in export and import. Thus, import in the industry amounted to 1,155.2 million USD at the end of 2005, and export to 1,160.2 million USD. According to Ukraine's State Statistics Committee, import was growing at an average 20% annually (both in terms of money and physical volume) during 2000-2004.
According to the Statistics Committee data, the industry's key export [3] items include wood products and mineral materials and products (including sheet glass, ceramic products, granite, and raw materials used for production of construction materials). CIS and European countries are the key markets for industry exporters.
The construction materials imported are goods made by means of technologically complex processing and manufacturing processes. Domestic manufacturers' equipment keeps them from fully satisfying internal market demand. Plastics, flooring materials, stairs, and ceilings, as well as heat-insulating and waterproofing materials, account for the largest percentage share of imports.
The construction materials sector's attraction of investors is based on Ukraine's improved economic climate, the availability of a raw materials base, the development of the construction materials trade sector, and the growing volume of capital construction. The largest numbers of investors come from Russia, Germany, Italy, France, the USA, and island nations. Foreign investment is still not considerable. It is hampered by a deficiency of manufacturing facilities, a lack of political stability, high taxes, the lack of an investment insurance system, and insufficient state support for investment policy [3].
Investors prefer establishing new manufacturing enterprises, and opening branches and affiliate companies, to modernizing and modifying existing facilities. This is primarily due to the existing facilities' lack of compliance with modern manufacturing standards. Foreign investors, however, also invest in existing enterprises, launch production lines, invest in development of retail chains, create and promote trademarks, and modernize enterprises. The most attractive segments for foreign investors include plastic products, glass, kaolin, cement, dry building mixtures, ceramic tiles, and plaster stone products.
The relationship between production and export
The industry is energetically modernizing itself. According to the survey, the majority of companies in the industry (62,5%) were buying equipment, mostly by the individual unit, in 2005. This is especially the case for large companies. Foreign equipment was mostly imported from Germany, Italy, Poland, and Russia [4].
Raw Materials and Resources
Ukraine has plentiful natural sources of raw materials for making construction materials: deposits of kaolin, clay, lime, gypsum, granite, quartz sand, basalt, chalk and pearlite. Construction materials producers have no problem in terms of raw materials availability. However, to manufacture certain products, smaller amounts of raw materials and stock are imported, mainly from Western European and CIS countries. To produce dry building mixtures, for example, significant amounts of admixtures are required, which are imported from EU countries. |
