世界上最坑爹的游戏,破鞋弃妃,什锦锉规格
导读：数量经济学assignment不会写？这篇文章是初级数量经济学这节课的 (Intro to Econometrics) 教材，是 Damodar N. GUjarati的 "basic econometrics"。本研究的目的是根据中国网购者的电子信任水平对其进行细分。根据调查结果，本研究将为电子企业和政府提升网上购物者在中国的电子信任度提供一些有益的建议。
Abstract摘要
B2C电子商务在中国目前的繁荣阶段并不像预期的那样。消费者信任缺失被认为是制约我国B2C电子商务进一步发展的主要障碍。本研究以网购者的网购体验和收入为基础，探讨网购者不同的电子信任水平。这项研究证明，中国网购者的高信任水平更有可能具有更高的购买力。根据中国消费者的需求，为电子商务公司提出最有效的营销策略，以吸引和推广他们的第一次网上购物体验。此外，中国中产阶级已被证明是主要的网上购物。能够获得信任的电子公司最终将获得更大的利润空间。
B2C e-commerce in China is not as expected in the current stage of prosperity. The lack of consumer trust is considered to be the main obstacle to the further development of B2C e-commerce development in China. This study section online shoppers different e - trust level based on their online shopping experience and income. This study proved that online shoppers e - high trust level of China is more likely to have higher purchasing power. Suggest the most effective marketing strategy for a e-commerce company, according to Chinese shoppers to attract and promote their first online shopping experience. Further, the Chinese middle class has proven to be the main online purchase. E - Firms who can gain their trust will ultimately more profitable network space.
Introduction介绍
中国电子商务市场自20世纪末问世以来，取得了长足的发展。令人惊讶的是，在2010年之前，中国的经济并不像人们预期的那样繁荣。从图1可以清楚地看出，2010年中国在线业务增长的总交易量相对缓慢；但从2014年的2010年开始，这一增长量大幅增加。根据《中国电子商务年鉴》（2005），2005年电子商务总贸易额约为6500亿元人民币，约813亿美元。许多研究表明，消费者信心不足可能是阻碍电子商务进一步发展的主要障碍（Ba、Whinston和Zhang，2003年），虽然2014年的贸易总额已达到13.4万亿元人民币，但笔者发现，为什么开始几年的缓慢增长缓慢令人感兴趣。这可能是维护和探索我国当前电子商务繁荣市场的关键。2013年末，中国电子商务市场规模达到10.2万亿元，比2012年增长8.5万亿元，增长29.9%，电子商务各细分市场中，2013年B2B电子商务占80.4%，交易额达到8.2万亿元，增长31.2%。网络零售贸易规模占市场份额17.6%，交易规模18851亿元，增长42.8%（中国电子商务研究中心，2015年）。
Since its debut around the end of the 20th century, the e-commerce market in China has made considerable progress. Surprisingly, it is not as prosperous as it is expected at the beginning years, namely, before 2010. From Figure 1, it is clear that China's total transaction volume of online business growth was relatively slow in 2010; however, from 2010 in 2014, it has dramatically increased. According to the China Electronic Commerce Yearbook (2005), e-commerce in 2005 the total trade volume is about 650 billion RMB, about 81.3 billion US dollars. Many studies have shown that lacking of consumer confidence can be a major obstacle to further progress in e-commerce and development (Ba, Whinston, & Zhang, 2003).Though the total trade volume of 2014 has reached as much as 13.4 trillion RMB, the author finds the reason that why the beginning years of slow growth slow interesting. Since it could be the key to maintain and explore the current e-commerce prosperousness market of China. In the end of year 2013, Chinese e-commerce market scale reached 10.2 trillion, 8.5 trillion up comparing to 2012, which achieves an increase of 29.9%.Among the various segments of the e-commerce industry, in the year of 2013, B2B e-commerce accounted for 80.4%, trading volume achieves as much as 8.2 trillion RMB, makes an increase of 31.2%. The size of the online retail trade accounted for 17.6 percent market share, deal size reached 1.8851 trillion RMB, makes an increase of 42.8% (Chinese e-commerce research center, 2015).
In China, it is generally considered a low-trust society, which may be one of the major reasonsthatalmost 41.5 percent of Internet users who are not on buying on the Internet since 2007. Some research shows that if a netizen is to buy online from a vendor he or she never buys before, is basically out of trust. In this context, China's Internet users not willing to purchase online is due to general low confidence of online vendors. Therefore, e-trust is considered as one of the most important prerequisites for successful e-commerce (McKnight, Choudhury, &Kacmar, 2002). Online trading and exchange relations are not only characterized by uncertainty, but also on condition of anonymity, lack of control and opportunism, so that trust is one of the most important risks and a key factors in e-commerce (Tan, Tyler &Manica, 2007). Online transactions often do not involve the exchange of goods and money at the same time, because time and space separate exchange between partners are common. When a customer chooses to trust the online store, he or she may then continue to provide personal information, buy products, and use through a national, and even service providers in other countries in different regions, with a limit of history.However, he or she is very limited to know the prior transactions of the vendor.
Therefore, due to e-trust for online shoppers is essential to the success of e-commerce, it is crucial to study what factors influence the degree of customers’ e-trust, and furthermore, how they influence the online purchasing power. In order to reveal these factors, this paper will focus on examining two aspects of online shoppers’ key characteristics; income and online purchasing experience, and reveal their connections with e-trust level of online shoppers. Meanwhile, this paper will also examine the influence of e-trust on online shoppers’ purchasing power. Though the total trade volume of 2014 has reached as much as 13.4 trillion RMB, the author finds the reason that why the beginning years of slow growth and slow interesting. Since it could be the key to maintain and explore the current e-commerce prosperousness market of China. Therefore, this paper will focus on the e-trust study of the Chinese e-commerce market.
Literature review
In general, studies have been done in different categoriesof trust in e-commerce, but generally fall into other areas of technology, social and economic systems, as well as psychology (Chuan, Yen, & Tarn, 2007).
In technical terms, the trust is usually security-related. This is a reasonable observation. People tend to seek assistance network security technology disciplines to deal with more and more frequent e-commerce fraud. Some security technology to prevent trading fraud by a number of research and study before adoption in cyberspace (Andress, 2000). Confidentiality build trust in online transactions is the most important, but the development of electronic commerce in the face of the most challenging problems. Why is trust so important? Multi-million dollar deal and highly sensitive company files travel over public networks. Some companies allow business partners or customers to access information directly from their internal applications use the network as infrastructure. The sensitivity of these communications makes to ensure the authenticity, integrity and confidentiality of transactions is extremely important. Restrictions trust object of these studies, in cyberspace networking technologies, including hardware and software, which make up the Internet. From a technical standpoint trust in cyberspace, but there are also paid some attention to the associated economic and political issues. The same study also showed protection recommendations and other aspects of the evolving public telephone network and the Internet, to meet the urgent needs of the software, which will improve the credibility and contribute to social and economic factors trusted technology deployment. Stability of the site, information download speed, web design and advanced technology use, are considered to build consumer confidence in the effectiveness of e-commerce. In addition, Bauer et al. (2002) reached a similar conclusion. On the other hand, sociologists, economists and psychologists have found that many factors, such as agencies, third party, ability, familiarity and income will affect the amount of trust people place e-commerce.
Modern social and economic system built on trust related matters of important foundation. One example is the trust revision, such as the Contractor formal control mechanisms deficiency (NOOTEBOOM, BERGER, & NOORDERHAVEN, 1997). As a bottom line, the law will undoubtedly play a key confidence-building protection. Current e-commerce-related legal system cannot meet the online transaction protection, especially protection of privacy, which is widely considered to be one of the most important factors for building trust in e-commerce requirements. The presence of a third party can make the two parties to the transaction involved in mutual trust. In e-commerce, third parties can serve as a more prominent role, because the two parties involved cannot do face-to-face transaction.
Online shoppers can learn from past Internet provider's ability online shopping experience. Capacity is considered to be a trusted source one (Urban, Sultan & Qualls,2000). Consumers must almost exclusively on the basis of trust, so that these and many other online research and purchasing decisions. However, most of the website to provide consumers with confidence on the basis of its lack of information. Some online retailers start with little or no performance record. Some may be shaky financial basis, and cannot meet their service and delivery guarantees. Some secretly collect data on each client's Web activity, and then sell that information third-party marketing companies. Like AOL or even highly respected companies have suffered embarrassing security breaches, and auction sites such as eBay has been reviewing its failure to effectively police egoism "Customer Review" published sellers and their friends. It is no exaggeration to say, as consumers increasingly mature on Internet, trusted Web site will be the key difference that will determine many of the retail network's success or failure. Now, customers can use the price of the robot, such as DealTime.com, which shows the best prices for all products purchased full information on the Internet. A community sites like Deja.com may form consumers, it offers advice on consumer products ratings ways to exchange. Industrial buyers can use the site to cooperate, as VerticalNet.com. Consumers also can from vertical sites such as iVillage.com, providing specialized information for women peer input. |
