法国assignment代写-法国核电事业-Nuclear Power in France由代写assignment事业部提供文本资料(Updated December 2010)
l France derives over 75% of its electricity from nuclear energy. This is due to a longstanding
policy based on energy security.
l France is the world's largest net exporter of electricity due to its very low cost of
generation, and gains over EUR 3 billion per year from this.
l France has been very active in developing nuclear technology. Reactors and fuel
products and services are a major export.
l It is building its first Generation III reactor and planning a second.
l About 17% of France's electricity is from recycled nuclear fuel.
In 2007 French electricity generation was 570 billion kWh gross, and consumption was about 447
billion kWh - 6800 kWh per person. Over the last decade France has exported 60-80 billion kWh
net each year and EdF expects exports to continue at 65-70 TWh/yr, to Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Spain, Switzerland and UK. Imports are relatively trivial.
France has 59 nuclear reactors operated by Electricite de France (EdF), with total capacity of over
63 GWe, supplying over 430 billion kWh per year of electricity (net), 78% of the total generated
there. Total generating capacity is 116 GWe, including 25 GWe hydro and 26 GWe fossil fuel.
The present situation is due to the French government deciding in 1974, just after the first oil shock,
to expand rapidly the country's nuclear power capacity. This decision was taken in the context of
In 2007 French electricity generation was 570 billion kWh gross, and consumption was about 447
billion kWh - 6800 kWh per person. Over the last decade France has exported 60-80 billion kWh
net each year and EdF expects exports to continue at 65-70 TWh/yr, to Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Spain, Switzerland and UK. Imports are relatively trivial.
France has 59 nuclear reactors operated by Electricite de France (EdF), with total capacity of over
63 GWe, supplying over 430 billion kWh per year of electricity (net), 78% of the total generated
there. Total generating capacity is 116 GWe, including 25 GWe hydro and 26 GWe fossil fuel.
The present situation is due to the French government deciding in 1974, just after the first oil shock,
to expand rapidly the country's nuclear power capacity. This decision was taken in the context of
France having substantial heavy engineering expertise but few indigenous energy resources.
Nuclear energy, with the fuel cost being a relatively small part of the overall cost, made good sense
in minimising imports and achieving greater energy security.
As a result of the 1974 decision, France now claims a substantial level of energy independence
and almost the lowest cost electricity in Europe. It also has an extremely low level of CO2 emissions
per capita from electricity generation, since over 90% of its electricity is nuclear or hydro.
In mid 2010 a regular energy review of France by the International Energy Agency urged the country
increasingly to take a strategic role as provider of low-cost, low-carbon base-load power for the
whole of Europe rather than to concentrate on the energy independence which had driven policy
since 1973.
Recent energy policy
In 1999 a parliamentary debate reaffirmed three main planks of French energy policy: security of
supply (France imports more than half its energy), respect for the environment (especially re
greenhouse gases) and proper attention to radioactive waste management. It was noted that
natural gas had no economic advantage over nuclear for base-load power, and its prices were very
volatile. Despite "intense efforts" there was no way renewables and energy conservation measures
could replace nuclear energy in the foreseeable future.
Early in 2003 France's first national energy debate was announced, in response to a "strong
demand from the French people", 70% of whom had identified themselves as being poorly
informed on energy questions. A poll had shown that 67% of people thought that environmental
protection was the single most important energy policy goal. However, 58% thought that nuclear
power caused climate change while only 46% thought that coal burning did so. The debate was to
prepare the way for defining the energy mix for the next 30 years in the context of sustainable
development at a European and at a global level.
In 2005 a law established guidelines for energy policy and security. The role of nuclear power is
central to this, along with specific decisions concerning the European Pressurised Water Reactor
(EPR), notably to build an initial unit so as to be able to decide by 2015 on building a series of
about 40 of them. It also set out research policy for developing innovative energy technologies
consistent with reducing carbon dioxide emissions and it defined the role of renewable energies in
the production of electricity, in thermal uses and transport.
In 2008 a Presidential decree established a top-level council on nuclear energy, underlining the
importance of nuclear technologies to France in terms of economic strength, notably power supply.
It will be chaired by the President and include prime minister as well as cabinet secretaries in
charge of energy, foreign affairs, economy, industry, foreign trade, research and finance. The head
of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), the secretary general of national defence and the military
chief of staff will also sit on the council.
In May 2006 the EdF board approved construction of a new 1650 MWe EPR unit at Flamanville,
Normandy, alongside two existing 1300 MWe units. The decision was seen as "an essential step
in renewing EDF's nuclear generation mix". After considerable preparatory work first concrete was
poured on schedule in December 2007 and construction was expected to take 54 months.
However, completion is now expected late in 2012.
Under a 2005 agreement with EdF the Italian utility ENEL was to have a 12.5% share in the
Flamanville-3 plant, taking rights to 200 MWe of its capacity and being involved in design,
Nuclear_Power_in_France
importance of nuclear technologies to France in terms of economic strength, notably power supply.
It will be chaired by the President and include prime minister as well as cabinet secretaries in
charge of energy, foreign affairs, economy, industry, foreign trade, research and finance. The head
of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), the secretary general of national defence and the military
chief of staff will also sit on the council.
In May 2006 the EdF board approved construction of a new 1650 MWe EPR unit at Flamanville,
Normandy, alongside two existing 1300 MWe units. The decision was seen as "an essential step
in renewing EDF's nuclear generation mix". After considerable preparatory work first concrete was
poured on schedule in December 2007 and construction was expected to take 54 months.
However, completion is now expected late in 2012.
Under a 2005 agreement with EdF the Italian utility ENEL was to have a 12.5% share in the
Flamanville-3 plant, taking rights to 200 MWe of its capacity and being involved in design,
construction and operation of it. However, early in 2007 EdF backed away from this and said it
would build the plant on its own and take all of the output. Nevertheless, in November 2007 an
agreement was signed confirming the 12.5% ENEL investment in Flamanville - expected to cost
EUR 450 million - plus the same share of another five such plants. The agreement also gives EdF
an option to participate in construction and operation of future ENEL nuclear power plants in Italy or
elsewhere in Europe and the Mediterranean.
In January 2006 the President announced that the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)* was to
embark upon designing a prototype Generation IV reactor to be operating in 2020, bringing forward
the timeline for this by some five years. France has been pursuing three Gen IV technologies: gascooled
fast reactor, sodium-cooled fast reactor, and very high temperature reactor (gas-cooled).
While Areva has been working on the last two types, the main interest in the very high temperature
reactors has been in the USA, as well as South Africa and China. CEA interest in the fast reactors
is on the basis that they will produce less waste and will better exploit uranium resources, including
the 220,000 tonnes of depleted uranium and some reprocessed uranium stockpiled in France.
* Now the Commission of Atomic and Alternative Energy
If the CEA embarks on the sodium-cooled design, there is plenty of experience to draw on - Phenix
and Superphenix - and they could go straight to a demonstration plant - the main innovations would
be dispensing with the breeding blanket around the core and substituting gas for water as the
intermediate coolant. A gas-cooled fast reactor would be entirely new and would require a small
prototype as first step - the form of its fuel would need to be unique. Neither would operate at a high
enough temperature for hydrogen production, but still CEA would participate in very high
temperature R&D with the USA and east Asia.
In December 2006 the government's Atomic Energy Committee decided to proceed with a
Generation IV sodium-cooled fast reactor prototype whose design features are to be decided by
2012 and the start up aimed for 2020. A new generation of sodium-cooled fast reactor with |
