笔记本报价,周易算命准吗,弃之可惜的上一句
| 导读:这是一篇生物学report范文，主要谈的是关于组织细胞，以及研究培养技术。卡雷尔(1912)首次成功地利用外植体促进许多细胞的成长。自那时组织培养的技术，已取得相当大的进展。在早期的组织培养技术，一般由外植体一小部分，而且是不同组织中的血清和胚胎提取，再加上生理盐水。199年帕克的合成培养基包含许多不同的代谢物。细胞培养是现代工作研究所需的生物化学、分子生物学和细胞生理学。 Report题目：Tissue Culture and its Methods Carrel (1912) first succeeded in growing tissue explants for many cell generations. Since then considerable progress has been made in the techniques of tissue culture. In early days of tissue culturing the technique consisted of explanting small portions of different tissues (preferably embryonic) in a medium consisting of blood serum and chick embryo extract, plus saline solution. Carrel（1912）首先成功地培养了许多细胞世代的组织外植体。从那时起，组织培养技术取得了相当大的进步。 在组织培养的早期，该技术包括在由血清和鸡胚提取物加盐水溶液组成的培养基中移植小部分不同组织（优选胚胎）。 After 1955 first chemically defined culture media became available. For example, Parker’s 199 synthetic medium contains many different metabolites. Some foetal calf surum or horse serum is also added to produce cell growth. Most cells of eukaryotes can be grown with the addition of a small percentage of serum in synthetic media. 1955年后，第一批化学成分确定的培养基可供使 例如，Parker的199合成培养基含有许多不同的代谢物。还添加一些胎牛犊或马血清以产生细胞生长。大多数真核生物细胞可以通过在合成培养基中添加少量血清来生长。 Cell cultures are required for the modern work in biochemistry, molecular biology and cell physiology. The most commonly grown cells are bacteria or mammalian tissue cells, although amphibian cells and plant cells are now being used more extensively. Thus it is now possible to grow cells and tissues outside of the body of organisms and under laboratory conditions with ease. Cell culture benefits the cytologist and pathologist. Variety of tissues from primate group such as bone marrow, skin, spleen, kidney and testis has been studied by tissue culture. A general scheme of tissue culture for cytological study is given here. Method of tissue culture: A few tissue pieces are collected from a living subject and placed in a sterile chamber with a physiological saline solution for washing and brief storage. The cells are dissociated from each other by treatment with an enzyme (Trypsin) in a low concentration (about 0.2%) in a buffered solution. After dissociation of the cells by trypsinization, the cell suspension is centrifuged and suspended in a special medium containing all the nutritional requirements for cell division and maintenance. The cells suspended in the growth medium are placed in Leighton tubes and incubated at 37°C. A depression in the Leighton tube allows for the introduction of a cover slip, to which cells may adhere. Subcultures are made by taking small samples from the tubes and placing them in other tubes with appropriate medium. After a suitable time the cell samples are taken growing culture for cytological study. Low concentration colchicine is added to the medium to accumulate metaphases over a period of 12 to 24 hours or less depending upon duration of the division cycle in the particular tissue. After colchicine treatment, cell suspension is treated with hypotonic salt solution, which causes spreading and separation of chromosomes. Accumulation of larger number of dividing cells can be increased by application of 5-amino uracil or excess thymidine before colchicine treatment. Staining is by Feulgen reaction, acetocarmine or acetoorcein. 1. Explant method: For growing avian or mammalian cells. A small fragment of tissue is placed on a coverslip and covered with a drop of chick plasma and growth medium. The plasma sets to form a clot. The cover ship is mounted in a cavity slide with the clot attached to the under surface. The space in the cavity provides a source of oxygen and allows for exchange of CO2. The cells grow out from the tissue fragment as a sheet within the plasma clot. 2. Monolayer method: It is used for preparing large numbers of cells in culture. The chopped tissue is first treated with dilute trypsin for breaking the intercellular cement and thus a suspension of separated cells is produced. Trypsin is then removed by washing in a centrifuge and cell suspension is mixed with culture medium. The cells settle on the glass, attach to the surface of the vessel and grow to form a monolayer. When culture has covered the glass surface, cells are again treated with trypsin for separation. They can then be used to prepare fresh monolayers. 3. Organ culture method: It is used to preserve in vivo characteristics of cells and tissues. It is used for fragments of tissue about 1.5 mm size. These fragments are placed on a raft or permeable sheet such as Millipore material as in Trowell method. |
