The University of Manchester
Manchester Business School
英国曼彻斯特大学
曼彻斯特商学院
Guide to citing references
引用参考指南
(Harvard system)
John Hynes Feb 2010
Introduction
介绍
Throughout the course of your studies, you will be expected to support the arguments made in your assignments, through references to other published works. These references can come from many different sources such as academic journals, textbooks, news paper articles, websites etc.
在整个研究过程中，你将有望支持你的任务，通过参考其他已发表的作品所提出的论点。这些引用可以来自许多不同的来源，如学术期刊，教科书，新闻纸上的文章，网站等。
“Citation” is the technical term given to the practice of referring to the work of other authors. It allows you to give due credit to the ideas of others, whilst also providing evidence of the breadth and depth of your own background reading. It also allows those who read your work, to easily identify and locate the references you have provided.
This guide provides you with examples of how to correctly cite references within the text of your assignments. It also provides guidance on how to compile an accurate list of references / bibliography.
本指南提供您如何正确地引用在文本中对分配给你的例子。它还提供指导如何编译一个准确的参考/参考书目列表。
The guide uses the Harvard system of referencing system throughout. The Harvard system does allow for some variat ions in style (e.g. in your list of references, the title of a book can be italicized or underlined), but you must remain consistent throughout your document. APA referencing is very similar Harvard and is sometimes considered a Harvard variation.
The following guidelines are based upon the conventions provided by the University of Manchester’s Faculty of Humanities (2008). You should however check with your supervisor that this method of citation is accepted within your department.
下面的指南根据曼彻斯特的人文学院（2008年）由大学提供的约定。但是你应该检查你的上司在你的部门，接受这种方法的引用。
Citing references within the text of your work
你工作文本中的参考文献
The way in which you refer to a source within the text of your work will depend upon a number of factor s. These include the nature of the sentence/ paragraph being written and the nature / number of authors of the source.
Single author
单一作者
Direct citation:
If the author’s name forms a natural part of your sentence, then the surname should be followed by the year of publication (within parentheses).
•Boatright (2006) argues that there are si x questions that should be considered, before making a decision on whether to blow the whistle in a case.
Single author continued; In-direct citation:
If you do not mention the author’s name within your text, then you should place the author’s name and year of public ation, in parentheses, at the end of the sentence.
•There are six distinctive conditions, which need to be satisfied, in order for a whistle-blowing case to be justified (Boatright 2006).
Two authors
二个作者
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Direct citation:
Both authors should be noted within your text.
• Hirst and Thompson (1999) identify enormous variations between countries in terms of the importance of foreign holdings.
Indirect citation:
Place at the end of the sentence, in parentheses.
• The importance of foreign holdings va ries significantly from country to country (Hirst and Thompson 1999).
Multiple authors
多个作者
Direct citation:
When there are more than two authors for a work, you should give only the first author’s name, followed by the Latin term ‘ et al ’ (and all) in italics, and the year of publication in parentheses.
• Kotler et al (2005) argue that business markets are very similar to
consumer markets.
Indirect citation:
Your citation should be placed within par entheses at the end of the sentence.
• There are a number of similarities between the business and consumer market sectors (Kotler et al 2005).
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