1) Book1）图书
The key elements for a book reference are: Author(s) or editor(s) Year, Book title, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.一本书参考的关键因素，是作者或编辑（）年（），书名，版本，出版社，出版地。
当编写出版的地方，包括国家或国家，如果有机会的混乱（如珀斯，WA）的地方不为人所熟知的。
When writing the place of publication, include the state or country if there is a chance of confusion (eg Perth, WA) or if the place is not well known.
Quote from a work citing another author引用引用另一位作者的作品
Sometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, in a book by Thorne, written in 1994, on page 78 you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the work by Einstein you should mention Einstein's paper in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number, eg, Einstein stated in 1906 that time is relative (Thorne 1994, p. 78).有时工作您使用的是引用了另一位作者的作品。例如，在索恩，写于1994年，第78页上的一本书中，你找到一个报价从1906年的一篇论文由阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。引用了爱因斯坦的工作，你应该提到爱因斯坦的论文中的文字，并用索恩在文本参考，页码，例如，在1906年，爱因斯坦说时间是相对的（索恩1994年，第78页）。
In your REFERENCE LIST you must have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't necessary because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.在您的参考文献列表中，你必须有充分的参考索恩。如果你愿意，你也可以参考爱因斯坦（你可以得到这样从索恩的参考书目），但是这是没有必要的，因为你没有真正咨询的爱因斯坦的论文。
One author
In text
(Allen 1973) (Davinson 1977)
Reference list
Allen, G.R. 1973, The graduate students' guide to theses and dissertations: a practical manual for writing and research, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Davinson, D.E. 1977, Theses and dissertations as information sources, C. Bingley, London.
More than one author
In text
(Butler, Severino & Guerra 1997)
Note for in text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list just the first author, followed by et al.
(Alysen et al. 2003)
Reference list
Butler, J.E., Severino, C. & Guerra, J.C. 1997, Writing in multicultural settings, Modern Language Association of America, New York.
Alysen, B., Patching, R., Oakham, K.M. & Sedorkin, G. 2003, Reporting in a multimedia world, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.
No author
In text
(Maximum Linux security: a hacker's guide to protecting your Linux server and workstation 1999)
Reference list
Maximum Linux security: a hacker's guide to protecting your Linux server and workstation 1999, Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead, UK.
Organisation as an author
In text
(Mueller Associates & United States Dept. of Energy 1978)
Reference list
Mueller Associates & United States Dept. of Energy 1978, Status of alcohol fuels utilization technology for highway transportation, Dept. of Energy, Washington, D.C.
2) Different editions
Chissick, M. & Kelman, A. 1999, Electronic commerce : law and practice, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
Chissick, M. & Kelman, A. 2000, Electronic commerce : law and practice, 2nd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
Chissick, M. & Kelman, A. 2002, Electronic commerce : law and practice, 3rd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
3) Translation from an original
In text
(Marquez 1998)
Reference list
Marquez, G.G. 1998, One hundred years of solitude, trans. G. Rabassa, Perennial Classics, New York.
4) Edited book
One editor
In text
(Hamilton 2005)
Reference List
Hamilton, P. (ed.) 2005, Visual research methods, vol. 4, Sage, London.
More than one editor
In text
(Turner & Roth 2003)
Note for in text referencing, if there are four or more editors, list just the first editor, followed by et al.
Reference list
Turner, S.P. & Roth, P.A. (eds) 2003, Blackwell guide to the philosophy of the social sciences, Blackwell, Oxford.
5) Online book
If an online book has the same structure and page numbering as the equivalent print version, reference it as the print version. Otherwise, use the online book format. If there is no printed version, or if the online version is significantly different from the printed one, or there are no page numbers then use the format below. The publisher and place of publication now refer to the producer or host of the online version, and the city where the host is based. You must also include the date you viewed the book online, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
In text
(Kim 2000)
Reference list
Kim, A.J. 2000, Community building on the web, Safari Books Online, Boston, viewed 1 June 2009,
6) Chapter within an print edited book
In text
(Coleman 2003) (Riddick-Thomas 2009)
Reference list
Coleman, S. 2003, 'Democracy in an e-connected world', in R. Davidson (ed.), The e-connected world: risks and opportunities, McGill Queens University Press, Montreal, pp. 125-32.
Riddick-Thomas, N.M. 2009, 'Ethics in midwifery', in D.M. Fraser & M.A. Cooper (eds), Myles textbook for midwives, 15th edn, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 55-66
Referencing rules
Use this format for a chapter within an edited book, where each chapter of the book has its own author and its own title.
If an electronic book chapter has an equivalent printed version, reference it as if it was the print version. Otherwise, use the chapter from online book format below.
The key elements for a book chapter reference are: Author(s) of the chapter Year of publication, Chapter title ('in single quotes'), Editor(s) of the book, Title of the book (in italics), Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page numbers of the chapter.
In the examples, note the word 'in' in front of the editor names, and also that the editor initials come in front of their surnames, unlike the author initials which come after their surnames. Use (ed.) for one editor, (eds) for more than one editor.
7) Chapter within an online edited book
In text
(Smith 2000)
Reference list
Smith, S. 2000 'US democracy promotion: critical questions', in M. Cox, J. Ikenberry & T. Inoguchi (eds), American democracy promotion, Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford, viewed 11 August 2009,
Referencing rules
If there is no printed version, or if the online version is significantly different from the printed one, or there are no page numbers then use the format below. The publisher and place of publication now refer to the producer or host of the online version and where the host are based. You must also include the date you viewed the chapter online, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
Journal Article
1) Quote from a work citing another author
Sometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, in a book by Thorne, written in 1994, on page 78 you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the work by Einstein you should mention Einstein's paper in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number:
Einstein stated in 1906 that time is relative (Thorne 1994, p. 78).
In your reference list you must have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't necessary because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.
2) Print or online
Almost all online journals have a printed equivalent. When this is the case reference it as the print version. This is partly because URLs for online articles are usually very long, and change with time; and partly because not everyone will be able to access the online journal in the same way that you did.
When referencing a journal article retrieved from an online database do not include the database name. The reason is the confusion that often arises when journals are duplicated across different databases, publishing companies merge, or online access to a provider stops.
If your journal article does not have a printed equivalent, or if the online version is significantly different from the print version, use the Online journal article format below.
3) No date
If you have no date for a reference, use n.d. (for 'no date') instead of the year. If you only have an approximate date, put c. (for 'circa', meaning around) in front of the year: eg (White n.d.) and (Beethoven c. 1813).
4) One author
Key elements of a journal article are: Author(s) Year of publication, Title of the article ('in single quotes'), Journal name (in italics), Volume and issue numbers, Page numbers.
In text
(Bruggeman 1935)
Reference list
Bruggeman, D.A.G. 1935, 'Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen', Annalen der Physik (Leipzig), vol. 24, pp. 636-679.
5) More than one author
In text
Note for in-text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list the first author only, followed by et al.
(Gillespie et al. 1986)
Reference list
Gillespie, N.C., Lewis, R.J., Pearn, J.H., Bourke, A.T.C., Holmes, M.J., Bourke, J.B. & Shields, W.J. 1986, 'Ciguatera in Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 145, no. 11-12, pp. 584-90.
6) No author
In text
(‘Schuth wins Leibniz prize’ 2003)
Reference list
'Schuth wins Leibniz prize' 2003, Materials Today, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 61.
7) Online journal article
If there is no printed version, or if the online version is significantly different from the printed one, or there are no page numbers then use the format below. You must include the date you viewed the article, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
In text
Note for in-text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.
(Clark et al. 2003)
Reference list
Clark, J., Diefenderfer, C., Hammer, S. & Hammer, T. 2003, 'Estimating the area of Virginia', Journal of Online Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 3, viewed 6 October 2009,
8) Referencing rules
Key elements of a journal article are: Author(s) Year of publication, Title of the article ('in single quotes'), Journal name (in italics), Volume and issue numbers, Page numbers.
Almost all online journals have a printed equivalent. When this is the case reference it as the print version. This is partly because URLs for online articles are usually very long, and change with time; and partly because not everyone will be able to access the online journal in the same way that you did.
When referencing a journal article retrieved from an online database do not include the database name. The reason is the confusion that often arises when journals are duplicated across different databases, publishing companies merge, or online access to a provider stops.
If your journal article does not have a printed equivalent, or if the online version is significantly different from the print version, use the Online journal article format above.
Newspaper or Magazine
1) Quote from a work citing another author
Sometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, in a book by Thorne, written in 1994, on page 78 you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the work by Einstein you should mention Einstein's paper in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number:
Einstein stated in 1906 that time is relative (Thorne 1994, p. 78).
In your reference list you must have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't necessary because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly
2) Print or online
Newspapers and magazines are usually issued more frequently than journals, and are usually distinguished by their issue date, rather than by volume or issue number.
Almost all newspaper or magazines articles available online have a printed equivalent with page numbers displayed. When this is the case reference it as the print version. This is partly because URLs for online articles found in databases such as Factiva or NewsBank are usually very long, and may change with time; and partly because not everyone will be able to access the database in the same way that you did. If your article does not have a printed equivalent, or if the online version is significantly different from the print version, use the online article format below.
Example
Darby A. 2004, 'Furious Butler quits as governor', Sydney Morning Herald, 10 August, viewed 10 November 2009,
3) One author
If the article comes from a special section that has its own page numbering, you need to specify the section (in brackets) after the name of the newspaper or magazine, as in the first example below.
Example
Gutner, T. 2003, 'Fashion futures', Business Week (Fashion Industry Supplement), August, pp. 9-10.
4) More than one author
In text
(Peating & Malkin 2004)
Note for in-text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.
Reference list
Peatling, S. & Malkin, B. 2004, 'Employers face ban on email spying', Sydney Morning Herald, 31 March, p. 17.
5) No author
In text
(‘Foreign cyber-spies’ 2009)
Reference list
'Foreign cyber-spies' 2009, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 November, p. 7.
Alternatively, you can reference this newspaper article in the text of your document as follows:
(Sydney Morning Herald 24 November 2009, p. 7)
In this case you do not need to have an entry in your reference list.
6) Online newspaper or magazine
Most online newspapers and magazines have a printed equivalent. When this is the case and page numbers are displayed, reference it as the print version. This is partly because URLs for online articles are usually very long, and change with time; and partly because not everyone will be able to access the online journal in the same way that you did.
If your article does not have a printed equivalent, or if the online version is significantly different from the print version, use the online article format below.
Newspapers and magazines are usually issued more frequently than journals, and are usually distinguished by their issue date, rather than by volume or issue number.
Example
Darby A. 2004, 'Furious Butler quits as governor', Sydney Morning Herald, 10 August, viewed 10 November 2009,
7) Referencing rules
Key elements of a newspaper or magazine article are:Author(s), Title of article ('in single quotes'), Newspaper or magazine title (in italics), Issue date (day month), Page numbers of the article.
If the article comes from a special section that has its own page numbering, you need to specify the section (in brackets) after the name of the newspaper or magazine.
Website or Online
1) Government or company website
In text
(Hallet & O’Meara 2002)
Reference list
Hallett, B. & O'Meara, B. 2002, Australia celebrates the 100th anniversary of women's right to vote, Australian Electoral Commission, Canberra, viewed 17 November 2009,
2) No date or no author
If you have no date for a reference, use n.d. (for 'no date') instead of the year. If you only have an approximate date, put c. (for 'circa', meaning around) in front of the year: eg (White n.d.) and (Beethoven c. 1813).
If you cannot locate an author use the title of the webpage as the first entry, followed by the year published or last updated.
3) Blog
If your website is a blog you can (if you wish) reference a particular posting ('in single quotes') as well as the blog's main title. Type the word weblog (which blog is short for) after the main title.
In text
(Green 2009)
Reference list
Green, A. 2009, 'Fremantle by-election: should the Liberals run?', Antony Green's election blog, weblog, ABC, Sydney, viewed 10 April 2009,
4) Image
(see also our Referencing an image/artwork):
In text
(alexwain 2009)
Reference list
alexwain 2009, Sculpture by the Sea - Elephant, Flickr, viewed 4 November 2010,
5) Podcast
If you downloaded a podcast from a website, it may be an audio file or a video file. Details of the radio or television program (program name, station name, station location, and broadcast date) should be provided.
In text
(Crawford 2009)
Reference list
Crawford, M. 2009, Shop class as soulcraft, audio podcast, Future Tense Radio National, ABC Radio, Sydney, 5 November, viewed 18 November 2009,
Small town salvation 2009, video podcast, Compass Television Program, ABC TV, Sydney, 1 November, viewed 18 November 2009,
6) Reports
Reports are often in-house publications, usually have very focused subject matter, and may be only a few pages in length. They often have a report number. Report authors are often organisations.
Examples of reports would be company annual reports, heritage reports, departmental reports, research group reports, and some ABS publications. Reports are referenced in a very similar way to books. Because many reports are freely available online, and often hard to get hold of in print, it is common to reference the online version of a report.
Example of report available in print
In text
(Dept of Foreign Affairs and Trade 1999)
Dept of Foreign Affairs and Trade 1999, Annual report 1998-99, DFAT, Canberra. Law Reform Commissioner of Tasmania 1996, Report on public fundraising by charitable institutions, Report Number 75, Government Printer, Hobart.
Example of report viewed online
In text
(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009)
Reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Education and work, Australia, May 2009, ABS Catalogue number 6227.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 24 November 2009,
7) YouTube
If your website is a YouTube video, the author (the person who submitted it - this might be a login name) and the year posted are shown just to the upper right of the main viewing screen. Type the words video recording after the main title.
In text
(UTS Library 2009)
Reference list
UTS Library 2009, It's the UTS Library with Mr Hank, video recording, viewed 21 September 2009,
8) Referencing rules
In text
In the text of your document the format is (Author Year) or, if the author is not known, (Title Year) where the title is in italics. Note that the year here is the year the webpage was created or last updated, not the year you accessed it. The example above would be (Hallett & O'Meara 2002).
If there is no obvious year, use n.d. (for 'no date') instead: eg (White n.d.)
This format should only be used for websites where the online version is the only version, or the most commonly used version; or where there is a print version but it is significantly different from the online version. If your website is an online book, journal, newspaper or magazine artice, conference paper, thesis etc, check the relevant links on the left.
Key elements of a website reference are the:
person or organisation who wrote or created the webpage (if known)
year the webpage was created or last updated. If the year is not found you can use n.d. This is an acceptable shortened form for no date.
title of the webpage (in italics)
type of website (if necessary, eg weblog, podcast)
person or organisation responsible for sponsoring, hosting or "publishing" the website. If this is the same as the author, it can be left out.
place where the host is located (can be left out if it is unclear)
day, month and year you last accessed the website
full URL <in angle brackets>
The year and information about the website host can often be found at the bottom of the webpage.
Other Sources
1) Blog
If your website is a blog you can (if you wish) reference a particular posting ('in single quotes') as well as the blog's main title. Type the word weblog (which blog is short for) after the main title.
In text
(Green 2009)
Reference list
Green, A. 2009, 'Fremantle by-election: should the Liberals run?', Antony Green's election blog, weblog, ABC, Sydney, viewed 10 April 2009,
2) Case law or legislation
Case law
Key elements of a Case are: Case name in full (in italics) (Year of the judgment) Volume no. Abbreviated name of the law reports series and first page numbers.
Cases should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically.
In text
(Amalgamated Society of Engineers v. Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd 1920).
Reference list
Amalgamated Society of Engineers v. Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 129.
Legislation
Key elements for an Act are: Name of the Act (in italics) Year (in italics) Jurisdiction.
In Australia this should be one of Cth, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA, Tas, ACT or NT.
Bill
Key elements for a Bill are: Name of Bill (in plain text) Year (in plain text) House of Parliament where introduced.
Legislation should be referenced as if in print, even if viewed electronically.
In text
(Crimes Act 1900) (Copyright Act 1968) (Anti-terrorism Bill 2004)
You can specify particular sections of an Act if you wish, using s. for one section or ss. for several sections. For example:
(Crimes Act 1900, s. 41A) and (Copyright Act 1968, ss. 40-42)
Reference list
Anti-terrorism Bill 2004 (House of Representatives).Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).Crimes Act 1900 (NSW).
3) Conference paper
Referencing rules
Use this format for a single paper from a conference proceedings. To reference the whole conference proceedings as one work, treat it as a Book instead. If an online conference paper has an equivalent printed version, reference it as if it was the print version.
In text
(Smith, Thomas & Piekarski 2008)
Note with in-text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.
Reference list
Smith, R.T., Thomas, B.H. & Piekarski, W. 2008, 'Tech note: digital foam', IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces 2008, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 35-8.
No date
If you have no date for a reference, use n.d. (for 'no date') instead of the year. If you only have an approximate date, put c. (for 'circa', meaning around) in front of the year: eg (White n.d.) and (Beethoven c. 1813).
Unpublished paper
Sometimes a paper presented at a conference does not get published as part of the official conference proceedings. This is called an unpublished conference paper and has a slightly different format. There is no publisher, or page numbers, and the year now refers to the year the conference was held. You must now also include the conference location, and the days and month the conference was held.
In text
(Bowden & Fairley 1996)
Reference list
Bowden F.J. & Fairley, C.K. 1996, 'Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner exchange', paper presented to the scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June.
Paper viewed online
If there is no printed version, or if the online version is significantly different from the printed one, or there are no page numbers then use the format below. Publisher now refers to the producer or host of the online version. You must include the date you viewed the online paper, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
In text
(Jakubowicz 2002)
Reference list
Jakubowicz, A. 2002, 'Race vilification and communal leadership', Beyond tolerance: national conference on racism, Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission, Sydney, viewed 2 September 2009,
Referencing rules
The key elements of a conference paper reference are:
author(s) of the paper, Year of publication of the proceedings
title of paper ('in single quotes'), conference name (in italics)
publisher of the proceedings (normally the organisation responsible for the conference)
place of publication. Include the state or country if there is a chance of confusion (eg Perth, WA) or if the place is little known.
4) Image or artwork
In text
(Fine Arts Dept 2007) (Gaunt 1970)
Reference list
Fine Arts Dept 2007, Burghers of Calais, Boston College, viewed 3 April 2007,
Gaunt, W. 1970, The impressionists, Thames & Hudson, London.Yardley & Co Ltd 1928, Yardley's old English lavender soap, viewed 8 December 2010
<Ad*Access database, item: BH1950>.Brodhead Public Library 1900?, Flickr, viewed 8 December 2010,
Normally you will be referring to an image found in a book, online, an image database or in some other format, rather than to the original work.
An image referenced from a UTS Library database is managed better by replacing the URL with the database name plus any unique item number, see the Yardley reference example above.
In your document text you should refer to the original artwork in italics followed by an in-text reference, with a page number reference if possible, to the book or website where you found the image, see in-text examples below. Your reference list should not have the original work, but rather the source you consulted which contains the image.
In text
Rodin's Burghers of Calais (Fine Arts Department 2007) is a fine example of this.We can see this in Manet's Dejeuner sur l'Herbe (Gaunt 1970, p. 17) ...If you have viewed the original artwork and wish to refer to it:
Reference list
Artist Year, Title, Type of Work, Museum or Gallery, City. Example:
Rodin, A. 1886, The lovers, sculpture, private collection.
In text
(Rodin 1886)
In this example, Year is the year the artwork was created. If you have no date for the work, use n.d. for 'no date') instead of the year. If you only have an approximate date, put c. for 'circa', meaning around) in front of the year: eg (Michaelangelo n.d.) and (Picasso c. 1893).
Type of Work is artwork (although you can be more specific if you wish, eg oil painting, watercolour, sculpture or photograph). City is the city where the museum or gallery is located. If in a private collection, you do not need to have a City.
5) Personal communications |
