NOTE: Secondary references or reference abstracts should be used only if the original text cannot be located / obtained. The use of too many secondary sources reduces the credibility of the writing.
2. Chapter in book
As for books but record both author(s) of chapter and author(s)/editor(s) of book and page numbers in
(i) or (iii), as appropriate.
(i) “copy words from book within quotation marks and then cite author, date and page number” (Grey, 2001, p.33)
(ii) summarised by Grey (2001) or
…..management had limited responsibility (Grey, 2001)
(iii) Grey, K. (2001). The management contract. In P. Blue and S. Pink (eds.) The Way Forward, Blackwell, Oxford, pp.31-42.
3. Journal article
The information required for referencing a journal article is:
author(s) - year of publication - title of article - name/title of journal - volume and issue number of the journal (if applicable) - page numbers
Publication details for journals are usually found on the front cover. If there is nothing there, see the title or contents page.
a. One author
(i) “copy words from journal article within quotation marks and then cite author, date and page number” (Gold, 1998, p.162).
(ii) Gold (1998) maintained that ... or
…..management did not take responsibility for their actions (Gold, 1998).
(iii) Gold, D. (1998). Humour, Management Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.161-167.
b. Two or more authors
As for books but with journal title in italics, i.e. format as above
c. Anonymous
(i) Cite journal name and date - (Management Today, 1999) or (Anon., 1999) if journal name is very long
(ii) Cite journal name, date and page number (Management Today, 1999, p.42) or (Anon., 1999, p.42) if journal name is very long
(iii) Management Perspectives (1998). The untouchables, Sept., p.3.
4. Government publication
As for books but, normally, no author is listed. If there is an author, then place his/her name first, if not cite the name of the compiler/commissioning organisation:
5. Newspaper article
The information required for referencing a newspaper article is:
author(s) - year of publication - title of the article - name of newspaper - day/month of publication - page number(s).
If there is no author simply begin with the title of the article. Use the full name of the newspaper as shown on the masthead on the front page.
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Not again! (2002). The Guardian, 4 December, p3.
or
Brickred, J.P. (2002). The service domain, The Guardian, 5 December, p.A10.
6. Thesis or dissertation
The information required for referencing a thesis or dissertation is:
author - year of completion - title - page number(s) for direct quotation - nature of work – parent department/school - institution of study, location.
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Mustard, J.L. (1998). Managing international events, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of International Tourism, Wyefield University, Lessiter.
7. Illustration
The information required for referencing an illustration is:
originator (e.g. artist or sculptor) - year - title - medium (e.g. aquarelle, stone) - location - place - section/department - register number.
(i) and (ii) as for books but with artist (for example) replacing author
(iii) Crimson, N.N. (2001). The man, Whitstable Gallery, Lowchester, Department of Fine Art, Register number 2002-88-14.
8. Published music
The information required for referencing published music is:
author - year - title – subsidiary originator – publisher – place,
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Lemon, Q. (2001). Twelve rounds, J. B. Sage (ed.), London, Foxall Music.
9. Patent
The information required for referencing a patent is:
inventor(s) - year – assignee - title - patent number.
(i) and (ii) as for books but with inventor(s) replacing author(s)
(iii) Salmon, A. (2002). FC airlines. Biodegradable in-flight service tray UK Pat. 9,999,999.
10. Personal communication (such as a letter, conversation, interview)
The information required for referencing a personal communication is:
author/speaker - date - nature of communication - month and day.
(i) and (ii) Either as for books or insert (Sandy Teal, personal communication, 29th July, 2003) in the text and do not include any further information in the final list of references
(iii) Teal, S.I. (2003). Personal letter, 29 July or see above
11. Electronic Sources
Electronic sources vary widely in type. They may be defined as any information sources that require an electronic machine to play or display them. They encompass www addresses, computer accessible databases, audio and videotapes, laser disks and computer programmes. The information required for referencing an electronic source is generally:
author - title [on-line] - source - type of medium - availability (date and site (URL) of access)
URL is defined as: Uniform Resource Locator (such as address of page on the internet)
PLEASE NOTE: There is no consensus regarding the method of citation of electronic sources.
ALL INFORMATION (URLs etc.) USED BELOW IS MERELY ILLUSTRATIVE
a. Internet source
Include elements which are available from:
author(s) - year of publication - title of the study [on-line] - location - place - URL - date of access - page numbers if applicable.
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Lavender, L. (1999). Role play [on-line]. Royal University, London. Available from: [accessed 27 July 2003].
b. Electronic book (e-book)
The elements required for referencing an electronic book are those which are available from:
author(s) - year of publication - title [on-line] - location - place - URL - date of access - page numbers if applicable.
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Silver, T. (1995). Management innovations [on-line]. Olive University, Coral Bay. Available from:
http://www.szdhsjt.com/ [accessed 24 July 2003].
c. Electronic (journal) article (e.g. from Emerald database)
The elements required for referencing an electronic journal article are those which are available from:
author(s) - year of publication - title of the study - title of journal if applicable [on-line] - volume and issue number of the journal (if applicable) - page numbers - URL - date of access.
(i) and (ii) as for journals
(iii) Plum, P. (1998). How to get ahead, Management in organisations [on-line]. Available from:
[accessed 23 July 2003].
d. Journal articles from CD-ROM
The information required for referencing a CD-ROM article is:
author(s) - year of publication - title of the study - name of journal [CD-ROM] - volume or month of publication (if applicable) - issue number (if applicable) - page numbers - company/database - item number
(i) and (ii) as for journal articles
(iii) Heather, M. (1994). Management ‘knowhow', Information [CD- ROM], August, pp.1-2.
Available from VIOLET database, Item: 94-222007.
e. Film, Video recording or TV broadcast
The information required for referencing a film, video recording or TV programme is:
title - year - material designation - subsidiary originator (preferably director - details of production - organisation - place.
(i) “report words from video recording within quotation marks and then cite title and date” (Yellow Moon, 1999).
(ii) In the video recording, Yellow Moon (1999), it was implied by Rosemary Rose that ... or
….. many incentives were associated with pecuniary rewards (Yellow Moon [video recording], 1999).
(iii) Yellow moon (1999). [Video recording], directed by Amber Ruby, Warner Brothers, USA.
f. Electronic discussion list
The information required for referencing an e-mail discussion list:
author - year - subject of message - discussion list [on line] - available from (list of e-mail addresses) - [accessed month and date].
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Orange, V. (2003). Re: Managing the workforce. Workmail-link [on-line], available from:
[accessed on 1 August].
g. Personal electronic communication
The information required for referencing a personal electronic communication is:
author - e-mail address of author - date, including year - title of e-mail - name and e-mail address of recipient
(i) and (ii) as for books
(iii) Buff, R.K. (), 7 July, 2002. Re: Matters of concern, e-mail to Y. Marine
12. Tables, figures and diagrams
All tables, figures, diagrams et al. should be referred to/discussed in the text. They should not be included and just left for the reader to interpret/evaluate. If they are taken directly, or adapted, from other people’s work (e.g. from books or journals), they should be sourced (either above or below the table etc. in brackets, as for similar citations within the body of the text) and then the source should be included in the list of references. | 
