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当代金融问题 近年来由于全球金融格局和会计政策的重大转变，趋同国际会计标准(IAS)与国际财务报告准则(IFRS)势头。商业环境的变化增加了全球竞争导致市场经济,和快速的技术变化。资本市场运作更有效地当投资者获得高质量的财务信息. 为整合所有国家的经济将会采用IAS和IFRS的方向，在全球经济环境中与它们相比较。对于一个公司很重要的是按照公认会计原则，准备财务报表(新闻出版总署)。但由于公司的业务并不局限到祖国，这是按照公认会计准则，必不可少的运作国家的金融账户,然后应协调所有这些报告整合的目的按照新闻出版总署的母公司所属的国家。这增加的费用准备财务报告,也很难使报告的部分按照新闻出版总署的所有国家。有效评估公司随后的会计标准的位置必须是相同的国家,为此,国际会计准则是由国际会计准则委员会发布。(IASC) The very first steps towards international accounting standards date back to 1959, when a founding partner of a major European firm of independent accountants urged that work begin on this subject (Choi, Frost, & Meek, 1999). Since then, the work of accounting and non-accounting organizations culminated in the setting up of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in 1973. In 1997 the IASC changed its structure to "bring about convergence between national accounting standards and practices and high quality global accounting standards." Convergence with International Accounting standard (IAS) and International financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has gained momentum in the recent years due to the global financial landscape and significant transformation of accounting policies. The changes in the business climate have increased global competition which results as market-based economies, and rapid technological changes. Capital markets operate more efficiently when investors have access to high quality financial information For integrating the economy of the countries all the countries are going in the direction of adopting IAS and IFRS to make themselves comparable in the global economic environment. It is essential for a company to prepare the financial reports as per Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAPP) of the country. But since the business of the companies are not limited up to home country it is essential to make the financial accounts as per the GAAP of operational country and then it is required to reconcile all such reports for the purpose of consolidation as per GAPP of the country to which the parent belongs. This increase the cost of preparing the financial report and also it is difficult to make the segment of the report in as per the GAPP of all countries. For effective evaluating the position of the company the Accounting standards followed must be same in both the countries, and for this purpose the International Accounting Standards were issued by the International Accounting Standard Committee. (IASC) IASC was the body which issued International Accounting Standards from 1973 to 2000. In 2001 IASC was replaced by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IASB is independent body and consists of members from nine different countries around the globe having variety of functional backgrounds. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the new version of International Accounting Standards (IAS) are issued by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) Foundation, based in London, is the oversight body of the IASB and is governed by 22 trustees, chaired by former US Federal Reserve chairman. The IASC Foundation is funded by contributions from the major accounting firms, private financial Institutions and industrial companies throughout the world, central and development banks, and other International and professional organisations. IASB adopted all the existing IAS (numbered 1 to 41) issued by IASC (before 2001) and decided that it will make amendments in the present IAS and all future standards issued will be called IRFS. IASB is reviewing the IAS and has amended as well as replaced some of them with new IFRS. Several interpretations of Standards have also been issued. Broadly, IFRSs refers to the entire body of IASB and IASC pronouncement. Over 70 Countries have either approved or mandated application of IFRS for their domestic listed companies including Austria, Finland, France, Russia, Sweden, Germany, UK, Australia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Mauritius etc. till 2009. With the emergence of global financial markets, IFRS is increasingly becoming relevant and overshadowing regional accounting standards. The purpose of this IFRS is to ensure that the financial statements under IFRS an entity, as well as their interim financial reports concerning a portion of the exercise covered by such financial statements, contain high quality information and provides benefit to users. Globalisation of IFRS is also necessitated as global financial markets are integrating and investors are looking for more consistency in the financial reporting of multinational corporations. The Asian crises of 1997-1998 marked an impetus for supporting international accounting standards, where many countries either adopted international accounting standards in their entirety, or with minor changes. Several companies in countries that did not implement international accounting standards, adopted international accounting standards nonetheless for their own financial statements in order to be able to compete in international markets (Hansen, 2003). Similar accounting adoption steps have been taken by Australia, Canada, and Russia, as well as in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa. In India, The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has announced that IFRS will be mandatory in India for financial statements from the periods beginning on or after 1 April, 2011. The existing accounting standards will be revised to make them compatible with IFRS. The banks are also not so far in accepting the new IFRS. The Reserve Bank of India has stated that for preparing financial statements all the banks have to adopt IFRS and make their records as per it from the periods beginning on or after 1 April, 2011. The Adoption of IAS and IFRS will change the accounting policies in India, which look like a big task but it will be a benefit to Indian companies now their financial records can be comparing with anyone in the world. The Multinational Corporation can also free from making different-different annual records as per the Local GAPP of their working country. It will also give our professional a chance to be global. They also get the new countries for work new job opportunities.
International Financial Reporting Standards have been widely adopted by countries across the world and this has been achieved by transposing International Financial Reporting Standards into local regulations with the convergence. With increasing white collar crimes, for example in the case of Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, insurance scams, and computer crime, there is a need for a new breed of accountants- Forensic Accountants (FAs). With some magnifying glasses, computer print-outs, and calculators, this glamorous profession of forensic accounting is prospering with every passing day. Certainly Forensic Accounting is the best way to curb white-collar frauds. it is also known as Designing Accountants or Fraud Buster. Forensic Accountants are certainly a threat to the green eye shade image of the companies. In the aftermath of fraud FAs assess the accounting systems and accounts presentation if the numbers reflect reality. In India the formation of Serious Fraud Investigation Office is the landmark creation for the Forensic Accountants. Growing cyber crimes, failure of regulators to track the security scams, series of co-operative banks bursting - all are pinpointing the need of forensic accounting, irrespective of whether we understand the need or not. This statement is enough for the chartered accountants in India to foray in this field. It is new child on the block. Both CBI and CID do the forensic accounting work. Until recently there was no separate community in India but now the movement of forensic community is gaining the momentum. . In addition to the specialized knowledge about the techniques of finding out the frauds, patience and analytical mindset is also needed. We have to look beyond the numbers and grasp the substance of the situation. Mayur, certified by the ACFE in 2001 brings out a bi-monthly magazine White Crimes on forensic accounting is of the view that in India, it(forensic accounting) is still a new concept", and adds that even banks are hesitant in approaching certified fraud examiners, and are mostly dependent on their internal auditors. The growing number of regulator and the administrative agencies will demand the services in the nature of forensic practice. The Chartered Accountants in India is making plans to explore this field. Chartered Accountants are going to find essentially a type of forensic practice. The changing nature of the Accounting and Auditing & assurance standards also confirms this. |
