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Management Essay:种族优越感人力资源实践的影响 介绍 在过去的几十年中,大量细微的的研究已经处理了管理领域和在国际人力资源实践中减少员工流动。在这项研究中,评价在国际人力资源政策中的人员和相关当地跨国公司的子公司中的经理员工流动率的问题。本文评价本地或子公司经理遇到的一系列问题。在此考虑国际人员配备模型的作用和模式,母公司国家的优点和缺点国家(PCN),东道国国家(HCN),保留策略和方法用于管理避免员工流动率。在这方面,研究了目前地方或子公司经理可能遇到的困境,但可能出现在不同行业和不同文化的国家或跨国公司的文化。 国际人力资源模型的功能和模式 这其中有不同的原因,国际工作人员转移,可以作为控制的结果,协调当地发展管理、缺乏技能的人员和组织发展。这将导致增加公司的潜在的成功和在国际市场上竞争(Edstrom and Galbraith, 1977; Harzing, 2001). 然而,学者们还指出,知识共享通过国际转移的成功并不是自动进行的,而是取决于社会过程。最近指出,关键人员转移的理由是由于进步和技术知识的转移(Bonache et al., 2001; Hocking et al., 2004). 然而,员工转移是一个两级支持,总部和子公司之间,它还涉及到流程由母公司公民(PCNs)东道国公民(hcn)和第三国公民(TCNs) (Harzing, 2001; Welch, 2003).在这方面,总部组织发送HCNs和TCNs通常被称为inpatriates侨民,反之亦然。
However, staff transfer is a two- sided magnitude, which is between the Head quarter and the subsidiaries and it also involve the process comprises parent-country nationals (PCNs), host-country nationals (HCNs) and third-country nationals (TCNs) (Harzing, 2001; Welch, 2003). In this regard, Head quarters organization that are sent to HCNs and TCNs they are commonly referred to as Expatriates and vice versa for the inpatriates. Perlmutter and Heenan (1969; 1979) identified four different international staffing policies (ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and regiocentric). MNCs following an ethnocentric staffing policy would appoint mostly parent country nationals to top positions at their subsidiaries, while MNCs following a polycentric staffing policy would prefer to appoint host country nationals (HCNs). Organisation with a geocentric staffing policy might simply pick the best person, regardless of his/her nationality and that could include third country nationals (TCNs), nationals of a country other than the MNC's home country and the country of the subsidiary. The Head quarter-centric nature of the staffing policies has been criticised by Novicevic and Harvey.H (2001) introduced a pluralistic orientation that enable a multiple, diverse and possibly competition which subsidiaries are given more orientations of subsidiary staffing that independent operation within the MNC context. The pluralistic orientation also brought about an alternative concept and a harmony orientation toward international staffing. Thereby indicated a tranquillity between subsidiaries and the Head quarters which is as result of integrative aspect. Pro and Cons of PCNs, HCNs or TCNs These are some of the advantages and disadvantages of employing these different groups of employees. It is shown that none of the options is without its disadvantages whereby will focus on some of the most frequently mentioned advantages and disadvantages (Negandhi, 1987; Phatak, 1989; Dowling, Festing, & Engle, 2008) are summarized as follows. In Table 7.1 below Source: Harzing and Reiche 2009.
Sebastian .R, (2007). Classified two major factors that lead to subsidiary staff turnover which is as a result of the effect of international staffing practices. He then conceptualise it has perceived career advancement opportunities and their organizational identification. Figure 1 shows the integration of all variables in a framework due to the effect of international staffing practices on subsidiary staff retention.
These involves situation where the organisation seems to make global exposure and career advancement as part of the employment contract with the local national, but the organisation at the end of the day fail to fulfil their promise and with the design of international staffing practices that has an effect on subsidiary staff's career perspective and also leads to employee turnover .which aligns with (Griffeth et al., 2000; Hom and Griffeth, 1995) turnover studies and (Birdseye and Hill, 1995; Feldman and Thomas, 1992; Naumann, 1992) expatriate turnover research. Recent literature has focused on the view that a huge number of foreign expatriates distorted HCNs' career advancement opportunities and create sizeable income and status disparities, leading to frustration and dissatisfaction among locals. In regards, the ethnocentric staffing practices which is a one-sided approach that restrict career advancement of local staff to a mere lower manger position. Sebastian Reiche (2007).
This involves situation whereby the international staffing practices affects the subsidiary staff in relation to the identity of their organization (Dutton et al., (1994) The degree at which a member defines himself by the same feature that he or she believes defines the organization. This has been shown to exert a negative effect on turnover intentions (Koh and Goh, 1995; Van Dick et al., 2004). The fulfilment of career aspirations is considered to serve as a key antecedent of organizational identification (Brown, 1969; Reade, 2001). In an organization which consist multiple relationship, each with unique set of values and objective operating from different sources of membership and identification, sustains the notion that individuals' experience multiple commitments or identifications (March and Simon, 1958; Reichers, 1985). The polycentric staffing practices mainly shows identification with the local unit. At the same time, might be identified with the global company and it more difficult to promote. As Lawler (1992) notes, identification tends to be more significant with regard to association in contrast to larger organisation and also in the case of a geocentric orientation international career progression may only involve a very small fraction of HCNs. Finally, (Novicevic and Harvey, 2001) pluralistic orientation to international staffing serves as an additional source of identification of a harmonizing approach helps to constitute respective Head quarters policies and practices within it subsidiary which, in turn, facilitates HCNs' approval and thus enhances their identification.
This involves pluralistic and harmony approach to international staffing that help to reconcile individual and organizational career plans, thereby tying individuals' career commitment to the company and hence fostering long-term membership. Global assignments of PCNs which is to be maintained effectively by socializing. This becomes an essential instrument for clearing out dispute between local and foreign personnel (Lueke and Svyantek, 2000). |